Fig. 3.

Individual lingual physiologic capacities (LPC; kilopascals (kPa)) across safety (3A) and efficiency groups (3B). Swallowing safety classifications were determined using the validated Penetration-Aspiration Scale ‘PAS’ [21] scale (Safe: ≤2; Unsafe: 3–8). Swallowing efficiency profiles were determined using the Analysis of Swallowing Physiology: Events, Kinematics, Timing methodology [29] (Efficient: worst total residue <3%; Inefficient: worst total residue ≥3%). Within the safety group, 38.5% (n=5) of safe swallowers demonstrated an LPC below the identified functional lingual pressure threshold (FLPT) of ≤43kPa. Within the efficiency group, 44.4% (n=4) of participants with efficient swallowing had an LPC below the FLPT of ≤46kPa.