Figure 2.

Metabolic phenotype of adult male mice treated with bisphenols (BPs) and phthalates. The studies summarized in this review give a general phenotype of insulin resistance and glucose intolerance along with hyperinsulinemia in the case of BPs and hypoinsulinemia in the case of phthalates. Bisphenol-A (BPA) modifies food intake, body temperature, and locomotor activity, although the results are scarce and should therefore be taken with caution. Both, BPs and phthalates, can induce dyslipidemia. Phenotypes have been better studied for BPA and the main end-points altered are specified under each organ in the figure. In the case of skeletal muscle, there are very few BPA studies, and the results are taken from Ref. 69. Studies of the BPA effect on adipocytes in adult rodents are not abundant either. In the figure, the results for adipocytes are from Ref. 24 and in the case of liver from Ref. 71. In general, the phenotype depends on age and sex, being more evident in males than in females, although more comparative studies between sexes should be carried out. ER, estrogen receptor; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Created with BioRender.com.