Figure 3.

Metabolic phenotype of offspring from bisphenol-A (BPA)-treated mothers. A: the later-in-life phenotype of P120–P180 has been best studied by many different groups in mice and rats. Common variables in most studies show increased fat mass with little or no weight gain along with insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia. The β-cells of these animals exhibit altered gene expression and increased or decreased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) depending on the study, increased apoptosis, and decreased β-cell mass. This phenotype is more marked in males than in females and occurs as well in the second and third generation (87). B: early changes from P0 to P30 consist of hyperinsulinemia and hyperleptinemia without modification of insulin sensitivity or glucose tolerance. These changes are associated with increased β-cell mass from day P0 and a large number of gene expression changes along with increased β-cell proliferation, decreased apoptosis, and increased β-cell mass at the early age of 1 mo (89). GTT, glucose tolerance test; ITT, insulin tolerance test. Created with BioRender.com.