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. 2023 May 16;10:1160292. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1160292

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Copyright © 2023 Karmali, Sowho, Bose, Pearce, Tejwani, Diamant, Yarlagadda, Ponce, Eikelis, Otvos, Khan, Lester, Fouras, Kirkness and Siddharthan.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Examples of radiographically derived ventilation. Panel (A) shows XV analysis of regional lung ventilation using a color scale (red represents areas with decreased ventilation) (31). Panel (B) represents 4D CT imaging which shows regional areas of high ventilation and areas of low ventilation (red represents areas with decreased ventilation). Reprinted with permission of the American Thoracic Society. Copyright © 2023 American Thoracic Society. All rights reserved. The American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology is an official journal of the American Thoracic Society. (32). Panel (C) shows Xenon CT imaging with heterogenous distribution of Xenon due to this patient’s emphysematous disease. Ventilation defects are noted in the left upper lobe (white arrow). Adapted from the American Journal of Roentgenology, Copyright © 2014, copyright owner as specified in the American Journal of Roentgenology. (19). Panel (D) shows function MRI images with hyperpolarization of ³He/¹²⁹Xe. Regional hypoventilation is noted by white arrows (33).