Table 3.

Adjusted prevalence ratios of depression symptoms associated with duration of exposure to electronic screens for non-educational purposes among students.

	Daily duration of exposure to electronic screens for non-educational purposes							p for trend
	None (N = 9,056)	<1 h (N = 5,100)	1.0–1.9 h (N = 3,079)	2.0–2.9 h (N = 2,759)	3.0–3.9 h (N = 2,311)	4.0–4.9 h (N = 1,580)	≥5.0 h (N = 3,121)
Total
Model 1	1.00	1.10 (1.09–1.11)	1.21 (1.18–1.24)	1.33 (1.29–1.38)	1.46 (1.40–1.53)	1.61 (1.52–1.70)	1.77 (1.66–1.89)	<0.001
Model 2	1.00	1.05 (1.04–1.07)	1.11 (1.09–1.14)	1.17 (1.14–1.21)	1.24 (1.18–1.29)	1.30 (1.24–1.38)	1.38 (1.29–1.47)	<0.001
Model 3	1.00	1.03 (1.02–1.04)	1.07 (1.05–1.09)	1.10 (1.07–1.13)	1.14 (1.10–1.18)	1.18 (1.12–1.23)	1.21 (1.15–1.29)	<0.001
Boys
Model 1	1.00	1.10 (1.08–1.12)	1.21 (1.17–1.25)	1.33 (1.26–1.40)	1.47 (1.37–1.57)	1.61 (1.48–1.76)	1.77 (1.60–1.97)	<0.001
Model 2	1.00	1.05 (1.04–1.07)	1.11 (1.07–1.15)	1.17 (1.11–1.23)	1.23 (1.15–1.32)	1.30 (1.19–1.42)	1.37 (1.23–1.52)	<0.001
Model 3	1.00	1.04 (1.02–1.05)	1.08 (1.04–1.11)	1.12 (1.07–1.17)	1.16 (1.09–1.23)	1.20 (1.12–1.30)	1.25 (1.14–1.37)	<0.001
Girls
Model 1	1.00	1.10 (1.08–1.11)	1.21 (1.18–1.24)	1.33 (1.27–1.39)	1.46 (1.38–1.54)	1.61 (1.50–1.72)	1.77 (1.62–1.92)	<0.001
Model 2	1.00	1.05 (1.04–1.07)	1.11 (1.08–1.14)	1.17 (1.12–1.22)	1.24 (1.17–1.31)	1.30 (1.22–1.39)	1.37 (1.26–1.49)	<0.001
Model 3	1.00	1.03 (1.02–1.04)	1.06 (1.03–1.09)	1.09 (1.05–1.13)	1.12 (1.07–1.18)	1.16 (1.09–1.23)	1.19 (1.11–1.28)	<0.001

Model 1, prevalence ratios were adjusted for age, sex, region, and type of school. Model 2, additionally adjusted for paternal and maternal educational attainment, parental marital status, family income, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, academic performance, and self-perceived health. Model 3, additionally adjusted for loneliness and sadness.