Table 1.

Literature review results.

Article	Follow-up	n	Population	Age	Measure of SIB	Main Findings
Schroeder et al., 1978	3 yrs. (1973,1975, 1976)	208	Individuals with intellectual disabilities institutionalized	5–85 yrs. (M = 22)	Survey completed by social workers and health care professionals	Cross-sectional analyses showed that individuals with SIB had more impairments in vision, receptive language, expressive language, and more prevalent among the younger, and the severely impaired who had been institutionalized longer.
Kiernan & Alborz, 1996	5 yrs. (1988–1993)	34	Adults with learning disabilities living at home with caregivers	25–37 yrs	Caregiver report (semistructured interview)	At both time points, SIB was correlated with poorer expressive and receptive language and at T2 with poorer mobility and self-help skills.
Murphy et al., 1999	4–24 mos (M = 16.88 mo. in 3–6 mo intervals)	27	Children with severe intellectual disabilities	2.6–10.11 yrs. (M = 5.27)	Teacher concern scale, and direct observation	Matched comparison group used with no potential SIB at T1. Developmental age and mobility were correlated with percentage duration of SIB and regression analyses indicated that increases in SIB were associated with degree of teacher concern at T1.
Emerson et al., 2001a	7 yrs. (1988–1995)	95	Individuals with Intellectual disabilities with severe SIB at T1	12–65 yrs. (M = 34.7)	Individual Schedule of the Challenging Behavior Survey (Alborz et al., 1994) completed by staff members	SIB to head, stability of SIB at T1, and younger age predicted SIB at T2 in a logistic regression analysis (stepwise). Relative risk between predictors and SIB persistence at follow up were also calculated.
Emerson et al., 2001b	7 yrs. (1988–1995)	679 T1 (1988) & 245 T2 (1995)	Individuals with Intellectual disabilities	5–85 yrs	Same as above	Logistic regression analyses (stepwise) conducted at each time point indicated that poorer communication skills, more stereotyped behavior and, restricted mobility were associated with SIB at T1 and less self-care skills were associated with SIB at T2.
Nøttestad & Linaker, 2001	8 yrs. (1987–1995)	68	Adults with Intellectual disabilities without SIB who developed SIB after deinstitutionalization	25–75 yrs. (M = 48.6)	Caregiver report	Severe ID, epilepsy, mobility impairment, hearing impairment, personal care skills, and less communication associated with SIB.
Berkson et al., 2001	1–3 yrs	39	Children with developmental disabilities	3–40 mos	Video sampling, clinical and parent report	Incidence estimates reported for SIB = 1.3%; proto-injurious =2.2%, transient SIB = 2.6%
Berkson, 2002	1–3 yrs	39	Children with developmental disabilities	3–40 mos	Same as above	Descriptive analysis of age trends
Hall, Oliver, & Murphy, 2001	12–24 mos (M = 17.67 mos)	16	Children with severe intellectual disabilities	2.6–10.11 yrs. (M = 5.27)	Direct observations	An association with SIB and low levels of social contact over time for the 4 children whose SIB increased.
Baghdadli et al., 2003	Retrospective	222	Children with autistic disorders	2–7 yrs. (M = 5)	Questionnaire completed by care staff members	Logistic regression analysis indicated that children who had a higher severity of autism, daily living skills delay, a perinatal condition and a lower age were more likely to have SIB.
Oliver, Hall, & Murphy, 2005	2- yrs	16	Children with severe intellectual disabilities; 6 with genetic disorders (Fragile X, Sturge- Weber, Cornelia de Lange, Seckel syndrome, Trisomy Q)	2.6–10.11 yrs. (M = 5.27)	Direct observations	Linear growth models indicated that increases in SIB were correlated with social contact
Richman & Lindauer, 2005	2–23 months (M = 12 mos)	12	Children with Developmental delay; 11 with genetic disorders (Lissenchaphaly, Trisomy 13, Cerebral palsy, Angelman, Cri du Chat, Smith-Magenis, Williams)	14–32 mos	Repetitive Behavior Scale (Bodfish, Symons, & Lewis, 1999); Functional Analysis	Topography and functional analysis pattern remained the same, but some forms eventually caused tissue damage for 5 participants; protoinjurious behavior a possible risk factor.
Chadwick et al., 2005	4.05–6.10 yrs. (M = 5.04 yrs) (1997–2002)	82	Adolescents with Severe intellectual disabilities	11–17 yrs. at T2 (M = 13.06)	Disability Assessment Schedule (Holmes et al., 1982; Wing, 1989)	48% of the sample persisted in engaging in SIB at T1 and T2.
Chadwick et al., 2008	Same as above	82	Adolescents with severe intellectual disabilities	Same as above	Same as above	Logistic regression found significant associations between adaptive behavior, communication ability, daily living skills, limited language use, expressed parental criticism and SIB.
Baghdadli et al., 2008	3 yrs.	185	Children with PDD-NOS	5–10 yrs. at T2 (M = 8)	Adapted International Classification of Individual Handicaps scoring system (Badley, 1993) Schedule of the Challenging Behavior	Logistic regression (stepwise) indicated that autism severity and lower speech level predicted SIB at T2.
Totsika et al., 2008	11 yrs. (1992–2003)	58	Adults with severe intellectual disabilities	23–83 yrs. (M = 45)	Survey (Alborz et al.,1994)	Younger age and less social skills were associated with persistent SIB.
Cooper et al., 2009	2 yrs. (2002–2004; 2004–2006)	651 at follow up	Adults with intellectual disabilities	16 yrs. & older	Diagnostic Criteria for Psychiatric Disorders (DC-LD)	Logistic regression (stepwise) indicated that comorbid ADHD, visual impairment, lower functioning, not having down syndrome, and living in a residential facility were strongly associated with SIB at T1.
Taylor et al., 2011	18 yrs	49	Adults with severe intellectual disabilities	24–82 yrs	Caregiver report	Persistence estimates indicated that 84% of the sample continued to engage in SIB at T2. SIB topographies reported as well
Medeiros et al., 2013	12 mos	160	Children with or at risk for-developmental delays	4–44 mos at T1	Behavior Problems Inventory (BPI-0; Rojahn et al., 2001)	Structural equation modeling results suggested that the frequency of SIB was a strong indicator of later SIB frequency and severity.
Schroeder et al., 2014	T2: 6 mos; T3: 12 mos	180	Young children at risk for intellectual and developmental disabilities; 5 with genetic conditions (Joubert, West, Moebius, Russell Silver)	4–48 mos	Behavior Problems Inventory (BPI-0; Rojahn et al., 2001)	General linear mixed model results indicated that SIB had a significant time effect, (significant mean differences between T1 and T3).
Rojahn et al., 2015	Same as above	160	Same as above	4–44 mos at T1	Behavior Problems Inventory (BPI-0; Rojahn et al., 2001)	Latent growth modeling indicated the best fitting model consisted of stereotypy predicting SIB.
Rattaz, Michelon, & Baghdadli, 2015	T2: 3 yrs.; T3: 10 yrs	152	Children with autism spectrum disorder	5–15 yrs	Aberrant Behavior Checklist (Aman et al., 1985)	Logistic regressions indicated severity of autism at T1 significantly increased the risk of SIB at T3.
Davies & Oliver, 2016	T2: 15–18 mos	417	Children with severe intellectual disability	2–12 (M = 7.33) yrs. at T1, 4–14 (M = 8.56) yrs. at T2	Self-injury, aggression and destruction screening questionnaire (SAD-SQ; Davies & Oliver, 2016)	Relative risk estimates indicated that presence of repetitive and restricted behaviors and interests at T1 significantly predicted the presence of SIB at follow up.
Richards et al., 2016	T2: 3 yrs	67	Individuals with autism spectrum disorder	Mdn age = 13.5 yrs. (10–17 yrs)	Challenging Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ; Hyman, Oliver, & Hall, 2002)	77.8% persisted with SIB at T2. Impulsivity and deficits in social interaction at T1 were associated with persistence of SIB over 3 years.
Dimian et al., 2017	12 mos	235	Young children at familial risk for autism spectrum disorder	12–24 mos	Repetitive Behavior Scale Revised (Bodfish, Symons, & Lewis, 1999)	Logistic regression analysis indicated that children who had SIB and lower intellectual functioning at 12 months were more likely to have SIB at 24 mos.
Gulsrud et al., 2018	Retrospective	144	Individuals with autism spectrum disorder	2.5–60.1 yrs	Autism Diagnostic Interview- Revised (Rutter et al., 2003)	One way ANOVA indicated that age at crawling and age at bladder and bowel control milestones were associated with SIB presence.
Crawford et al., 2019	T2: 3–4 yrs.T3: 5–6 yrs	79	Individuals with Fragile X	6–54 yrs.	Challenging Behavior Questionnaire (Hyman et al., 2002)	Binary logistic regression indicated that restricted, repetitive, stereotyped behavior predicted persistent SIB.
Laverty et al., 2020	T2: 3 yrs.T3: 7 yrs	67	Individuals with autism spectrum disorder	M = 23.9 yrs. at T3	Challenging Behavior Questionnaire (Hyman et al., 2002)	LASSO analysis results showed that impulsivity, interest/pleasure, stereotypy, social communication and adaptive functioning predicted SIB 10 years later.