Table 3.

Risk markers for the persistence of SIB reported for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities.

Risk markers (correlates)	Articles cited in
Identified for persistence of early SIB in children
Autism severity/at risk for Autism	Baghdadli et al., 2003; Baghdadli et al., 2008; Schroeder et al., 2014; Rattaz et al., 2015 Dimian et al., 2017
Proto-injurious behavior, frequency or severity of SIB	Richman & Lindauer, 2005; Medeiros et al., 2013; Dimian et al., 2017
Social contact (lower levels) or social deficits	Hall et al., 2001; Oliver et al., 2005; Richards et al., 2016
Developmental/cognitive ability	Richards et al., 2016; Dimian et al., 2017
Younger age or developmental age	Murphy et al., 1999; Baghdadli et al., 2003;
Speech deficits	Baghdadli et al., 2008; Richards et al., 2016
Repetitive, restrictive behavior or Stereotypy	Davies & Oliver, 2016; Dimian et al., 2017
Restricted mobility	Murphy et al., 1999
Degree of teacher concern	Murphy et al., 1999
Daily living skills (adaptive behavior)	Baghdadli et al., 2003
Perinatal condition	Baghdadli et al., 2003
Impulsivity	Richards et al., 2015
Identified for persistence of SIB in adolescents and adults
Lower receptive or expressive language	Schroeder et al., 1978; Kiernan & Alborz, 1996; Emerson et al., 2001b; Nøttestad & Linaker, 2001; Chadwick et al., 2008; Gulsrud et al., 2018
Daily living skills (adaptive behavior)	Kiernan & Alborz, 1996; Emerson et al., 2001b; Nøttestad & Linaker, 2001; Chadwick et al., 2008; Gulsrud et al., 2018; Laverty et al., 2020
Severe intellectual impairment/cognitive abilities	Schroeder et al., 1978; Nøttestad & Linaker, 2001; Cooper et al., 2009; Gulsrud et al., 2018
Younger age	Schroeder et al., 1978; Emerson et al., 2001a; Totsika et al., 2008
Restricted mobility	Kiernan & Alborz, 1996; Nøttestad & Linaker, 2001; Emerson et al., 2001b
Stereotypy/ repetitive behavior	Emerson et al., 2001b; Rojahn et al., 2015; Crawford et al., 2019; Laverty et al., 2020
Visual impairment	Schroeder et al., 1978; Cooper et al., 2009
Living in a residential facility	Schroeder et al., 1978; Cooper et al., 2009
Impulsivity	Laverty et al., 2020
Hearing impairment	Nøttestad & Linaker, 2001
Epilepsy	Nøttestad & Linaker, 2001
SIB topography & stability	Emerson et al., 2001a
Social skills/ social communication	Totsika et al., 2008;
Expressed parental criticism	Chadwick et al., 2008
Comorbid Attention-Deficit	Cooper et al., 2009
Hyperactivity Disorder