Table 2. Socioeconomic and clinical characteristics of the participants (N=50).
| Total sample | Day centre (n=23) | Independent living (n=27) | Significance | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, M (SD), range | 78.2 (9.79), 65–99 | 85.5 (7.20) | 72.0 (7.06) | t(48)=-6.67, p<0.001 | |
| Gender, n (%) | |||||
| Male | 18 (36.0) | 6 (26.1) | 12 (44.4) | Z=1.35 p=0.178 | |
| Female | 32 (64.0) | 17 (73.9) | 15 (55.6) | ||
| Marital status, n (%) | |||||
| Married | 23 (46.0) | 7 (30.4) | 16 (59.3) | Z=2.04 p=0.042 (married vs. not married) | |
| Divorced | 7 (14.0) | 1 (4.3) | 6 (22.2) | ||
| Widowed | 20 (40.0) | 15 (65.2) | 5 (18.5) | ||
| Place of birth, n (%) | |||||
| Israel | 24 (48.0) | 9 (39.1) | 15 (55.6) | χ2(2)=3.69 p=0.158 | |
| Europe America | 15 (30.0) | 10 (43.5) | 5 (18.5) | ||
| Asia Africa | 11 (22.0) | 4 (17.4) | 7 (25.9) | ||
| Years of education, M (SD), range | 13.2 (3.51), 4–20 | 11.3 (3.04) | 14.8 (3.10) | t(48)=4.00, p<0.001 | |
| Level of education, n (%) | |||||
| High school or less | 24 (48.0) | 16 (69.6) | 8 (29.6) | Z=2.82 p=0.005 | |
| Above high school or academic | 26 (52.0) | 7 (30.4) | 19 (70.4) | ||
| Self-rated economic status, n (%) | |||||
| Good/very good | 38 (76.0) | 14 (60.9) | 24 (88.9) | Z=2.31 p=0.021 | |
| Moderate/not good | 12 (24.0) | 9 (39.1) | 3 (11.1) | ||
| Place of residence, n (%) | |||||
| Home | 47 (94.0) | 20 (87.0) | 27 (100.0) | -- | |
| Assisted living facility | 3 (6.0) | 3 (13.0) | -- | ||
| Living with: n (%) | |||||
| Partner | 17 (34.0) | 6 (26.1) | 11 (40.8) | -- | |
| Family | 8 (16.0) | 1 (4.3) | 7 (25.9) | ||
| Alone | 16 (32.0) | 7 (30.5) | 9 (33.3) | ||
| Caregiver | 9 (18.0) | 9 (39.1) | -- | ||
| Chronic illness, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 20 (40.0) | 12 (52.2) | 8 (29.6) | Z=1.62 p=0.105 | |
| Medications, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 41 (82.0) | 23 (100.0) | 18 (66.7) | -- | |
| Mobility in the home, n (%) | |||||
| Independent | 37 (74.0) | 10 (43.5) | 27 (100.0) | -- | |
| With aid | 13 (26.0) | 13 (56.5) | -- | ||
| Mobility outside the home, n (%) | |||||
| Independent | 30 (60.0) | 6 (26.1) | 24 (88.9) | -- | |
| With aid | 20 (40.0) | 17 (73.9) | 3 (11.1) | ||
| BADL, M (SD), range | 92.7 (13.45), 40–100 | 85.2 (16.62) | 99.1 (3.93) | t(24.10)= 3.91, p<0.001 | |
| MoCA, M (SD), range | 21.9 (3.94), 14–29 | 20.1 (3.65) | 23.4 (3.54) | t(48)=3.29, p=0.002 | |
| CLOX1, M (SD), range | 11.2 (3.75), 0–15 | 9.1 (4.35) | 13.0 (1.83) | t(28.58)=3.99, p<0.001 | |
| CLOX2, M (SD), range | 12.9 (2.39), 6–15 | 11.8 (2.69) | 13.8 (1.66) | t(48)=2.24, p=0.030 | |
| IADL, M (SD), range | 17.4 (6.30), 3–23 | 12.1 (5.40) | 21.9 (2.04) | t(27.35)=8.22, p<0.001 | |
| IADL – medication management (PASS) | |||||
| Independence, M (SD), range | 2.4 (0.75), 0–3 | 2.1 (0.96) | 2.7 (0.36) | t(48)=2.73, p=0.009 | |
| Safety, M (SD), range | 2.8 (0.51), 0–3 | 2.7 (0.71) | 3.0 (0) | t(22.00)=2.44, p=0.023 | |
| Appropriateness, M (SD), range | 2.3 (0.75), 0–3 | 2.1 (0.81) | 2.5 (0.64) | t(48)=1.68, p=0.100 | |
| IADL – telephone use (PASS) | |||||
| Independence, M (SD), range | 2.6 (0.79), 0–3 | 2.2 (1.06) | 2.9 (0.22) | t(28.02)=3.51, p=0.002 | |
| Appropriateness, M (SD), range | 2.5 (0.79), 0–3 | 2.1 (0.94) | 2.8 (0.51) | t(35.90)=2.88, p=0.007 | |
| GDS, M (SD), range | 3.1 (3.03), 0–13 | 3.9 (2.77) | 2.4 (3.13) | t(48)=−2.63, p=0.011 | |
Abbreviations: BADL: basic activities of daily living; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; CLOX1: Executive Clock Drawing Test Part 1; CLOX2: Executive Clock Drawing Test Part 2; IADL: instrumental activities of daily living; PASS: performance assessment of self-care skills; GDS: Geriatric Depression Scale.