Table 2.

Coefficients from Multilevel Random-effect Linear Regression Models Predicting 11th-grade Math Test Scores.

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4
	B	(SE)	B	(SE)	B	(SE)	B	(SE)
School SES (ref = High SES)							-	-
Mid-SES schools							−0.08**	(0.02)
Low-SES schools							−0.13***	(0.03)
Credits earned in
Dance	0.00	(0.01)	−0.01	(0.01)	−0.01	(0.01)	0.00	(0.01)
Dance × school SES (ref = High-SES)							-	-
Mid-SES schools							−0.02	(0.01)
Low-SES schools							0.01	(0.02)
Theater	0.01	(0.01)	0.00	(0.01)	−0.01	(0.01)	−0.03	0.01
Theater × school SES (ref = High-SES)							-	-
Mid-SES schools							0.03	(0.02)
Low-SES schools							0.00	(0.02)
Music	0.18***	(0.01)	0.05***	(0.01)	0.03***	(0.01)	0.05***	(0.01)
Music × school SES (ref = High-SES)							-	-
Mid-SES schools							−0.02	(0.01)
Low-SES schools							−0.05**	(0.02)
Visual arts	0.01	(0.01)	−0.01	(0.01)	−0.02	(0.01)	0.00	(0.01)
Visual arts × school SES (ref=High-SES)							-	-
Mid-SES schools							−0.04*	(0.01)
Low-SES schools							−0.02	(0.02)
Other arts	0.00	(0.01)	−0.01	(0.01)	−0.01	(0.01)	0.01	(0.01)
Other arts × school SES (ref=High-SES)							-	-
Mid-SES schools							−0.03 +	(0.02)
Low-SES schools							−0.03 +	(0.02)
Controls for other high school					X		X
Course-taking controls for background and achievement			X		X		X
Controls for school-level correlates			X		X		X

Note. SE = standard error; SES = socioeconomic status.

Estimates are adjusted and weighted for complex survey design.

⁺p < 0.10

^*p < 0.05

^**p < 0.01

^***p < 0.001 (two-tailed test).

Source: US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, “The High School Longitudinal Study of 2009” 2009–2013.