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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Hous Policy Debate. 2022 Oct 5;33(1):85–106. doi: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2125788

Table 5.

Results for student food environment by housing, K-5 cohort in 2010, AY 2010–2016

DV: Number of food outlets within 1/4 mile Distance to nearest food outlet (in feet)
Fast food
(1)
Wait-service
(2)
Corner store
(3)
Supermarket
(4)
Fast food
(5)
Wait-service
(6)
Corner store
(7)
Supermarket
(8)
Public Housing
 RapidGent*Year −0.240*** −0.248*** 0.493*** −0.047*** 6.803*** 30.004*** 7.185*** −6.180***
(0.024) (0.018) (0.020) (0.004) (1.045) (2.360) (1.058) (2.257)
 ModGent*Year −0.045*** 0.049*** 0.073*** 0.076*** −13.460*** 53.515*** −2.591*** −82.770***
(0.011) (0.008) (0.009) (0.002) (0.491) (1.109) (0.497) (1.061)
 Year 0.191*** −0.218*** −0.084*** −0.006*** −0.718*** −12.552*** −8.429*** 5.705***
(0.004) (0.003) (0.003) (0.001) (0.187) (0.421) (0.189) (0.403)
 RapidGent*Year 0.098*** 0.540*** −0.144*** −0.027*** −4.258*** −2.456*** 1.184*** 2.309***
(0.005) (0.004) (0.004) (0.001) (0.212) (0.480) (0.215) (0.459)
 ModGent*Year 0.071*** −0.034*** −0.063*** −0.006*** −0.750*** 2.280*** 0.471*** −1.936***
(0.004) (0.003) (0.003) (0.001) (0.158) (0.357) (0.160) (0.342)
 Year −0.186*** 0.729*** 0.322*** 0.005*** 0.636 −45.136*** −8.899*** −0.061
(0.009) (0.007) (0.008) (0.001) (0.405) (0.914) (0.409) (0.874)
 DV Mean 14.2 3.5 9.9 0.9 632.5 1,137.3 596.2 1,295.9
 N Observations 800,555 800,555 800,555 800,555 800,555 800,555 800,555 800,555
 N Students 114,365 114,365 114,365 114,365 114,365 114,365 114,365 114,365
 R2 0.976 0.978 0.961 0.917 0.952 0.901 0.955 0.902

Note: Standard errors are shown in parentheses (*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1).

Sample consists of NYC public school students who were in grades K-5 in 2010, continuously enrolled between AY 2010 and 2016, who resided in census tracts in the bottom half of the income distribution in 2010. All models include student fixed effects and year fixed effects. The main effects of RapidGent and ModGent are omitted because they are time-invariant characteristics. Students not living in public housing are the reference group omitted in the model. Models include student characteristics, including race/ethnicity, indicators for English language learners and students with disabilities, and whether they were ever poor (eligible for free or reduced-price lunch).