Table 1.

Relevant research on rumors in relation to social media.

Aspects	Subjects	Contents	References
Diffusion mechanisms	Rumor spread	Perceived importance positively affects rumor propagation.	Tanaka et al. (2012) and Oh and Lee (2019)
		Anxiety, personal involvement, and ambiguity of information sources positively influence rumor propagation.	Oh, Agrawal, and Rao (2013)
		Public emotions such as anger, fear, sadness, and happiness positively influence rumor spread in the context of COVID-19.	Dong et al. (2020)
	Rumor trust	Both personal involvement and rumor fear positively affect rumor trust, while the presence of counter-rumors negatively influences rumor trust.	Chua and Banerjee (2018)
Rumor characteristics	Rumor spreaders	A lower ratio of following-to-follower is more likely to spark rumors.	Bodaghi and Oliveira (2020)
	Rumor content	Various narrative frameworks increase rumors during the COVID-19 pandemic.	Shahsavari et al. (2020)
Outcomes	Social level	Rumor spreading may cause panic buying during the COVID-19 pandemic.	Arafat et al. (2020)
	Health level	Rumor leads to poor physical and mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic.	Tasnim et al. (2020)
Governance	Social media	The true facts provided by health professionals through social media can prevent the spread of rumors.	Sahni and Sharma (2020)
		Social media feeds rumors.	Yang et al. (2020)