Table 1.
List of bone biomarkers and their function on bone development and calcium metabolism.
| Bone biomarkers | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Bone morphogenic protein 2 (bmp2) | Bone cell differentiation | [20, 30, 31, 47, 50–52, 82–85] |
| Development of cartilage and bone | ||
| Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway | ||
| RUNX family transcription factor 2 (runx2) | Osteoblast differentiation | |
| Development of cartilage and bone | ||
| Osterix (osx) | Bone formation and remodeling | |
| Activates gene cascade during differentiation of preosteoblast to mature osteoblast | ||
| Alkaline phosphatase (alp) | Bone mineralization | |
| Reduces the extracellular pyrophosphate concentration | ||
| Osteocalcin (oc) | Noncollagenous bone protein synthesized in the extracellular matrix of osteoblast | |
| Contributes to bone mineralization by promoting calcium deposition | ||
| Matrix Gla protein (mgp) | Inhibits calcification | |
| Regulates osteoclastogenesis | ||
| Calcium-sensing receptor (casr) | Regulates calcium homeostasis | |
| Can act directly on bone cells to induce bone modeling or remodeling | ||
| Parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (pthr1) | Modifies the gene involved in mineralization | |
| Parathyroid hormone-related protein (pthrp) | Hypercalcemic hormone | |
| Calcium homeostasis |