TABLE 3.
Reference intervals (95% RI, generated using “robust” method [n = 100] reporting lower limit and upper limit, each with 90% confidence intervals) for measured and calculated echocardiographic variables in normal North American whippets.
| Echo measurement | N | Mean | SD | Median | Min‐Max | 95% reference intervals |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower limit (90% CI) − upper limit (90% CI) | ||||||
| 2‐D/M‐MODE | ||||||
| LADLax (cm) | 99 | 3.47 | .33 | 3.46 | 2.64‐4.34 | 2.81 (2.71‐2.90), 4.14 (4.03‐4.23) |
| LASax (cm) | 96 | 2.62 | .35 | 2.60 | 1.71‐3.56 | 1.89 (1.79‐1.98), 3.30 (3.20‐3.41) |
| AoLax (cm) | 99 | 1.70 | .14 | 1.70 | 1.34‐2.04 | 1.43 (1.40‐1.47), 1.98 (1.93‐2.01) |
| AoSax (cm) | 96 | 2.04 | .20 | 2.02 | 1.52‐2.57 | 1.64 (1.59‐1.71), 2.42 (2.35‐2.47) |
| LAA (cm2) | 99 | 9.82 | 1.82 | 9.61 | 5.82‐14.26 | 6.12 (5.69‐6.60), 13.42 (12.85‐13.92) |
| LA:AoLax | 98 | 2.05 | .19 | 2.04 | 1.53‐2.55 | 1.67 (1.61‐1.72), 2.43 (2.38‐2.48) |
| LA:AoSax | 96 | 1.28 | .17 | 1.27 | .82‐1.62 | .95 (.90‐1.00), 1.62 (1.57‐1.67) |
| IVSd (cm) a | 97 | 1.02 | .14 | 1.00 | .75‐1.39 | .72 (.69‐.77), 1.28 (1.23‐1.32) |
| LVIDd (cm) | 97 | 3.73 | .36 | 3.75 | 2.69‐4.66 | 3.02 (2.90‐3.12), 4.44 (4.34‐4.55) |
| LVWd (cm) | 97 | .88 | .13 | .87 | .63‐1.22 | .61 (.57‐.64), 1.13 (1.09‐1.17) |
| IVSs (cm) a | 97 | 1.23 | .17 | 1.20 | .84‐1.94 | .88 (.81‐.94), 1.56 (1.49‐1.62) |
| LVIDs (cm) | 97 | 2.88 | .38 | 2.84 | 1.93‐3.89 | 2.10 (2.00‐2.21), 3.63 (3.51‐3.75) |
| LVWs (cm) | 97 | 1.13 | .17 | 1.11 | .73‐1.6 | .77 (.73‐.82), 1.47 (1.42‐1.52) |
| LVmass (g) | 97 | 121.3 | 31.9 | 119.4 | 60.5‐207.5 | 56.0 (47.7‐64.4), 183.7 (173.9‐193.0) |
| EPSS (cm) a | 90 | .43 | .15 | .42 | .22‐.89 | .12 (.08‐.16), .72 (.66‐.77) |
| DOPPLER | ||||||
| PVvel (m/s) a | 88 | .97 | .21 | .93 | .56‐1.91 | .51 (.42‐.61), 1.35 (1.25‐1.45) |
| AoSCvel (m/s) | 81 | 1.74 | .27 | 1.73 | 1.03‐2.41 | 1.19 (1.11‐1.29), 2.29 (2.20‐2.38) |
| AoLTvel (m/s) | 97 | 1.50 | .26 | 1.47 | .99‐2.19 | .96 (.89‐1.03), 1.99 (1.90‐2.08) |
| Evel(m/s) | 97 | .79 | .14 | .80 | .40‐1.29 | .52 (.47‐.57), 1.06 (1.02‐1.11) |
| Avel (m/s) a | 97 | .39 | .12 | .38 | .16‐.72 | .14 (.11‐.17), .62 (.58‐.66) |
| E/A a | 97 | 2.22 | .74 | 2.16 | 1.05‐4.78 | .67 (.42‐.87), 3.62 (3.36‐3.88) |
| e′ (m/s) a | 99 | .19 | .05 | .18 | .07‐.37 | .07 (.05‐.09), .29 (.27‐.30) |
| a′ (m/s) a | 99 | .12 | .11 | .09 | .05‐.89 | .05, .53 b |
| s′ (m/s) a | 99 | .14 | .04 | .14 | .08‐.25 | .07 (.05‐.08), .21 (.2‐.22) |
| Volume/function | ||||||
| FS (%) a | 96 | 23.2 | 5.7 | 23.0 | 10.0‐43.0 | 11.1 (9.2‐13.2), 34.0 (32.1‐35.9) |
| EF (%) a | 99 | 59.0 | 7.9 | 59.9 | 33.8‐82.2 | 43.9 (41.2‐46.8), 75.5 (73.0‐78.1) |
| dLVvol (mL) a | 99 | 52.0 | 11.4 | 50.9 | 30.0‐80.8 | 27.9 (24.3‐30.9), 73.5 (69.6‐77.2) |
| sLVvol (mL) a | 99 | 21.7 | 8.0 | 20.1 | 7.8‐53.5 | 3.9 (1.1‐6.9), 36.3 (32.9‐39.3) |
| SV (mL) | 99 | 30.3 | 6.0 | 29.7 | 16.4‐53.5 | 18.0 (16.0‐20.1), 42.2 (40.1‐44.1) |
| Indexed parameters | ||||||
| LADLaxN (cm/kg.391) | 99 | 1.21 | .09 | 1.20 | .86‐1.41 | 1.03 (1.00‐1.06), 1.39 (1.36‐1.42) |
| IVSDdN (cm/kg.222) a | 97 | .56 | .07 | .55 | .43‐.75 | .40 (.38‐.42), .70 (.67‐.72) |
| LVWdN (cm/kg.335) a | 97 | .35 | .05 | .35 | .26‐.47 | .25 (.24‐.26), .45 (.43‐.47) |
| LVIDdN (cm/kg.332) | 97 | 1.52 | .12 | 1.52 | 1.17‐1.81 | 1.28 (1.24‐1.32), 1.77 (1.73‐1.80) |
| LVIDsN (cm/kg.433) | 97 | .89 | .10 | .90 | .61‐1.15 | .69 (.66‐.72), 1.09 (1.06‐1.12) |
| LVmass/kg (g/kg) a | 97 | 8.00 | 1.73 | 7.69 | 4.75‐11.73 | 4.4 (3.96‐4.86), 11.41 (10.85‐11.92) |
| dLVvol/kg (mL/kg) | 99 | 3.42 | .49 | 3.40 | 2.39‐4.65 | 2.42 (2.29‐2.57), 4.38 (4.23‐4.52) |
| sLVvol/kg (mL/kg) a | 99 | 1.42 | .42 | 1.33 | .48‐3.07 | .47 (.33‐.64), 2.19 (2.02‐2.35) |
| SV/kg (mL/kg) | 99 | 2.00 | .30 | 2.00 | 1.25‐2.81 | 1.4 (1.32‐1.50), 2.6 (2.51‐2.68) |
Note: Not all values were available for all dogs.
Abbreviations: Ao, aortic valve; IVS, interventricular septum; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; MV, mitral valve; PV, pulmonic valve; SMOD, Simpson's method of discs; TDI, tissue Doppler imaging; 2‐D, 2‐dimensional imaging.
a
Reject normality (Shapiro‐Wilk test).
b
Confidence intervals could not be calculated.