TABLE 4.
Summary of main results for intraperson comparison of energy, macronutrient intake, and dietary patterns in rotating shift schedules
| Author [reference] | Shift type | N | Energy Intake1 (kJ/d) | Protein1 (g/d) | CHO1 (g/d) | Fat1 (g/d) | Dietary patterns |
Reported significance | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food type/quantity1 (g/d) | Distribution/frequency meals/snacks1 | ||||||||
| Bonnell et al. [33] 2,3 | Day | 19 | 11,709 ± 2298 | 166.2 ± 40.2 | 273.5 ± 70.1 | 101.3 ± 27.6 | NR | NR | NS |
| Night | 19 | 11,077 ± 3377 | 144.7 ± 40.7 | 274.6 ± 83.4 | 99.0 ± 46.4 | NR | NR | ||
| Bouillon-Minois et al. [59] 3 | Day | 101 | 6727 ± 3133∗ | 80.6 ± 30.3∗ | 178.8 ± 81.5 | 75.1 ± 35.9∗ | NR | NR | Energy, P = 0.049 Fat, P = 0.030 Protein, P < 0.001 |
| Night | 83 | 5863 ± 2966∗ | 66.4 ± 36.4∗ | 163.3 ± 86.0 | 61.1 ± 32.7∗ | NR | NR | ||
| Flanagan et al. [61] 4,5 | Non-nightshift | 20 | 6494 ± 13714 | 28.9 ± 23.85 | 38.1 ± 30.25 | 31.7 ± 29.35 | NR | 19.7 ± 4.6∗ Morning5 | Morning5, P = 0.034 Evening5, P = 0.044 Night5, P = 0.0001 |
| 30.5 ± 6.9 Afternoon5 | |||||||||
| 46.4 ± 7.5∗ Evening5 | |||||||||
| 8.2 ± 5.2∗ Night5 | |||||||||
| Night | 20 | 6559 ± 23334 | 20.5 ± 17.25 | 25.4 ± 16.65 | 23.7 ± 17.25 | NR | 15.8 ± 9.0∗ Morning5 | ||
| 28.3 ± 13.5 Afternoon5 | |||||||||
| 38.8 ± 11.9∗ Evening5 | |||||||||
| 29.8 ± 5.1∗ Night5 | |||||||||
| Fradkin et al. [70] 3 | Morning | 132 | 6027 ± 2183∗ | 72.4 ± 33.7 | 147.3 ± 62.9∗ | 59.4 ± 28.0∗ | NR | NR | Energy, P < 0.0001 CHO, P < 0.0001 Fat, P < 0.0001 |
| Night | 132 | 6819 ± 2221∗ | 77.9 ± 32.9 | 171.2 ± 64.4∗ | 68.9 ± 29.5∗ | NR | NR | ||
| Kosmadopoulos et al. [35] 6 | Morning | 21 | 170.5 ± 51.4∗ | 28.2 ± 9.0 | 74.5 ± 25.8 | 62.8 ± 25.9∗ | NR | 6.3 ± 2.1∗ Meals/d (n) | Energy, P = 0.001 Fat, P = 0.004 Meals, P < 0.001 |
| Evening | 17 | 129.6 ± 46.4∗ | 23.7 ± 8.2 | 59.6 ± 26.8 | 45.2 ± 19.3∗ | NR | 5.0 ± 1.4∗ Meals/d (n) | ||
| Night | 24 | 142.7 ± 41.6 | 26.8 ± 9.5 | 65.4 ± 26.4 | 50.2 ± 18.8 | NR | 5.9 ± 1.7∗ Meals/d (n) | ||
| Lennernas et al. [62] 3 | Morning | 16 | 15,300 ± 3600 | 126 ± 33∗ | 408 ± 104 | 168 ± 57 | NR | NR | Energy, P = 0.0339 Protein, P = 0.0436 |
| Afternoon | 16 | 15,600 ± 4800 | 139 ± 42 | 421 ± 135 | 164 ± 67 | NR | NR | ||
| Night | 16 | 14,900 ± 3900∗ | 134 ± 41 | 387 ± 100 | 159 ± 45 | NR | NR | ||
| 12-h day | 16 | 16,700 ± 4100∗ | 150 ± 42∗ | 449 ± 129 | 166 ± 53 | NR | NR | ||
| Lennernas et al. [18] 7 | Morning | 22 | 5640 ± 959 | 48.9 ± 7.8 | 153.2 ± 21.5 | 55.2 ± 11.6 | NR | NR | Energy, P < 0.001 Protein, P < 0.01 CHO, P < 0.001 fat, P < 0.01 |
| Afternoon | 22 | 6120 ± 979∗ | 49.9 ± 9.0∗ | 172.8 ± 27.6∗ | 57.6 ± 10.4∗ | NR | NR | ||
| Night | 22 | 4200 ± 420∗ | 36.4 ± 3.6∗ | 114.1 ± 12.6∗ | 42.0 ± 5.5∗ | NR | NR | ||
| Mortaş et al. [36] 2,3 | Day | 10 | 9453 ± 1616 | 69.8 (18) | 235.3 (103) | 105.9 (38) | NR | NR | NS |
| Night | 10 | 8689 ± 2269 | 63.3 (1) | 213.2 (109) | 97.9 (52) | NR | NR | ||
| Reinberg et al. [67] 3,8 | Morning | 5 | 8750 ± 467∗ | 21.1 ± 3.1∗ | 51.2 ± 4.2 | 51.2 ± 4.2 | NR | NR | Energy, P < 0.05 Protein, P < 0.05 |
| Evening | 5 | 8428 ± 458 | 17.9 ± 1.3 | 50.1 ± 4.5 | 50.1 ± 4.5 | NR | NR | ||
| Night | 5 | 7649 ± 599∗ | 17.5 ± 3.1∗ | 48.5 ± 4.9 | 48.5 ± 4.9 | NR | NR | ||
| Ulusoy et al. [68] 3 | Day F | 32 | 8796 ± 1495∗ | 78.3 ± 14.3∗ | 225.4 ± 45.2∗ | NR | Dairy 204.7 ± 96.7 | 2.9 ± 0.3∗ Meals/d (n) | F Energy, P = 0.003 |
| Meat 185.2 ± 48.0∗ | 1.5 ± 1.2∗ Snacks/d (n) | F Protein, P = 0.019 | |||||||
| Cereals 220.5 ± 45.9 | F CHO, P = 0.024 | ||||||||
| Veg/fruit 360.7 ± 112.5 | F Meat, P < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Oils/fats 61.2 ± 14.4 | M Meat, P = 0.005 | ||||||||
| Sweets 33.3 ± 24.9∗ | F Sweets, P = 0.002 | ||||||||
| Day M | 12 | 10,383 ± 1443 | 84.4 ± 12.3 | 281.0 ± 46.1 | NR | Dairy 210.5 ± 84.2 | 2.8 ± 0.5∗ Meals/d (n) | F Meals, P < 0.001 | |
| Meat 184.1 ± 49.3∗ | 1.3 ± 1.0 Snacks/d (n) | M Meals, P = 0.025 | |||||||
| Cereals 255.9 ± 48.3 | F Snacks, P = 0.016 | ||||||||
| Veg/fruit 326.4 ± 117.4 | |||||||||
| Oils/fats 68.0 ± 15.8 | |||||||||
| Sweets 58.9 ± 29.6 | |||||||||
| Night F | 32 | 9667 ± 1591∗ | 71.7 ± 9.5∗ | 254.1 ± 55.0∗ | NR | Dairy 205.9 ± 99.3 | 2.3 ± 0.5∗ Meals/d (n) | ||
| Meat 137.0 ± 42.7∗ | 1.0 ± 1.2∗ Snacks/d (n) | ||||||||
| Cereals 262.6 ± 74.0 | |||||||||
| Veg/fruit 308.1 ± 195.5 | |||||||||
| Oils/fats 58.7 ± 22.3 | |||||||||
| Sweets 60.0 ± 52.3∗ | |||||||||
| Night M | 12 | 11,191 ± 2226 | 82.8 ± 19.2 | 319.7 ± 61.1 | NR | Dairy 181.1 ± 85.9 | 2.3 ± 0.5∗ Meals/d (n) | ||
| Meat 162.7 ± 106.0∗ | 1.8 ± 1.1 Snacks/d (n) | ||||||||
| Cereals 337.9 ± 102.9 | |||||||||
| Veg/fruit 302.0 ± 158.8 | |||||||||
| Oils/fats 89.7 ± 107.7 | |||||||||
| Sweets 71.1 ± 32.3 | |||||||||
BMR, basal metabolic rate; CHO, carbohydrate; F, female; M, male; NR, not reported; NS, not statistically significant; TDEI, total daily energy intake; veg, vegetables.
1
Values are mean or median (IQR) unless stated otherwise.
3
Study included in the meta-analysis.
4
Energy and/or macronutrient data during a work shift.
5
Energy and/or macronutrient data reported as %TDEI.
6
Energy and/or macronutrient data as percentage of BMR.
7
Energy and/or macronutrient data for shifts calculated from percentage of 24-h dietary intake averaged across a work cycle.
8
SD was calculated from standard error for the study by Reinberg et al. [67].
∗
Significant difference between 2 or more groups (P < 0.05).