TABLE 5.

Quality Assessment of the included studies using the Quality Criteria Checklist for Primary Research (Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics)

Study [reference]	Study design	Quality rating	Validity items1
			1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Bonnell et al. [33]	Cross-sectional	Neutral	✓	×	✓	✓	×	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Bouillon-Minois et al. [59]	Observational	Neutral	✓	✓	UC	✓	NA	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Chen et al. [37]	Observational	Neutral	✓	UC	×	✓	NA	UC	UC	UC	✓	✓
Esquirol et al. [60]	Cross-sectional	Positive	✓	✓	✓	UC	×	✓	✓	✓	UC	UC
Farias et al. [53]	Cross-sectional	Neutral	✓	UC	✓	✓	×	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Flanagan et al. [61]	Cross-sectional	Neutral	✓	UC	✓	UC	UC	UC	✓	✓	✓	✓
Fradkin et al. [70]	Cross-sectional	Neutral	✓	×	✓	×	×	NA	✓	×	✓	×
Han et al. [54]	Cross-sectional	Neutral	✓	UC	UC	✓	UC	UC	✓	✓	✓	✓
Heath et al. [46]	Cross-sectional	Neutral	✓	✓	×	✓	×	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Hulsegge et al. [34]	Cross-sectional	Neutral	✓	✓	UC	NA	×	UC	✓	✓	✓	✓
Kosmadopoulos et al. [35]	Observational	Neutral	✓	✓	✓	NA	×	✓	UC	✓	✓	✓
Lennernas et al. [47]	Cross-sectional	Neutral	✓	UC	×	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	UC
Lennernas et al. [62]	Cross-sectional	Neutral	✓	UC	✓	✓	UC	✓	✓	✓	✓	UC
Lennernas et al. [18]	Cross-sectional	Neutral	✓	UC	✓	NA	NA	✓	✓	✓	✓	UC
Manodpitipong et al. [55]	Cross-sectional	Neutral	✓	✓	×	UC	UC	UC	✓	✓	✓	✓
Mansouri et al. [56]	Observational	Neutral	✓	✓	✓	✓	NA	UC	✓	✓	✓	✓
Morikawa et al. [49]	Cross-sectional	Neutral	✓	✓	✓	NA	✓	UC	✓	✓	✓	UC
Mortaş et al. [36]	Observational	Neutral	✓	×	✓	UC	NA	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Peplonska et al. [63]	Cross-sectional	Neutral	✓	✓	×	✓	UC	UC	✓	✓	✓	UC
Reinberg et al. [67]	Observational	Neutral	✓	×	UC	NA	UC	✓	✓	✓	UC	UC
Romon et al. [64]	Cross-sectional	Positive	✓	✓	✓	✓	NA	✓	✓	✓	UC	UC
Sathyanarayana and Gangadharaiah [57]	Cross-sectional	Neutral	✓	×	×	UC	NA	✓	×	UC	×	✓
Seibt et al. [65]	Cross-sectional	Neutral	✓	✓	×	×	×	UC	✓	✓	✓	✓
Seychell and Reeves [66]	Cross-sectional	Positive	✓	✓	✓	✓	×	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Sudo and Ohtsuka [48]	Cross-sectional	Positive	✓	✓	✓	✓	NA	✓	✓	✓	✓	UC
Tada et al. [50]	Cross-sectional	Neutral	✓	✓	✓	UC	×	×	✓	✓	✓	✓
Ulusoy et al. [68]	Cross-sectional	Neutral	✓	UC	✓	✓	NA	UC	✓	✓	✓	✓
Varli and Bilici [69]	Cross-sectional	Neutral	✓	UC	UC	NA	×	UC	✓	✓	UC	UC
Wirth et al. [38]	Cross-sectional	Neutral	✓	✓	×	NA	NA	×	UC	✓	✓	✓
Yoshizaki et al. [58]	Cross-sectional	Neutral	✓	×	✓	NA	UC	NA	UC	UC	✓	✓
Yoshizaki et al. [51]	Cross-sectional	Neutral	✓	×	×	NA	×	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓

NA, not applicable; UC, unclear; ×, criteria has not been satisfied: ✓, criteria has been satisfied.

¹Validity items: 1) clarity of research question; 2) nil selection bias of study participants; 3) comparability of study groups; 4) description of withdrawals; 5) utilization of blinding; 6) detailed description of intervention/exposure factor; 7) validity/reliability of outcome measures; 8) appropriate statistical methods; 9) consideration of limitations/bias in the reported result; and 10) declaration of funding, sponsorship, and nil conflict of interest. Highlighted columns indicate the validity items required for a positive quality rating.