TABLE 2.

Random-effects model meta-analysis of mean difference of blood pressure, lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, waist circumferences, endothelial function, and markers of inflammation

Outcomes	WMD (95% CI)	P value	Studies, n	Participants, n	I2(%)	References
Blood pressure (mmHg)
SBP	−3.53 (−3.90, −3.16)	0.00001	27	1313	3	[8,[19], [20], [21], [22],[26], [27], [28],29,33,35,36,39,43,46,71]
DBP	−1.41 (−2.38, −0.44)	0.004	26	1618	60	[8,[19], [20], [21], [22],27,28,29,33,35,36,39,43,46,71]
Lipid profile (mg/dL)
LDL-c	−5.4 (−17.94, 7.14)	0.40	26	1523	98	[19,20,[22], [23], [24],26,27,29,31,32,38,40,41,[44], [45], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53],57,71,72]
HDL-c	0.79 (−0.43, 2.02)	0.20	28	1621	68	[19,20,[22], [23], [24],[26], [27], [28],29,31,32,57,38,[40], [41], [42],[44], [45], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53],71,72]
TGs	−10.12 (−19.40, −0.84)	0.03	29	1657	80	[19,20,[22], [23], [24],[26], [27], [28],29,31,32,57,38,[40], [41], [42],[44], [45], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53],71,72]
Total cholesterol	−5.11 (−9.19, −1.02)	0.01	27	1570	76	[19,23,24,26,27,29,31,32,38,40,41,[44], [45], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53],57,71,72]
Glucose (FBG) (mg/dL)	−1.67 (−3.91, 0.58)	0.15	25	1643	84	[8,19,20,22,26,[28], [29], [30], [31], [32],37,38,41,42,[45], [46], [47],50,[52], [53], [54], [55],57,71,72]
Waist circumference (cm)	−1.42 (−3.40, 0.56)	0.16	13	1055	77	[22,[28], [29], [30], [31],37,45,46,51,[53], [54], [55],72]
FMD (%)	2.22 (0.66, 3.77)	0.005	9	338	92	[7,28,32,34,44,51,[70], [71], [72]]
Inflammation markers
IL-6 (pg/mL)	−0.14 (−1.16, 0.87)	0.78	10	502	97	[17,18,25,27,31,38,47,49,51,56]
CRP (mg/L)	−0.16 (−0.35, 0.03)	0.09	16	829	0	[8,[17], [18], [19],24,32,38,41,46,47,49,52,56,57,72,80]

I² statistic (statistical heterogeneity).

DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; FMD, flow-mediated dilation; SBP, systolic blood pressure; WMD, weighted mean difference.

Significance level at P < 0.05.