TABLE 3.

Random-effects model meta-analysis of mean difference of blood pressure, lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, waist circumferences, endothelial function, and markers of inflammation according to trial intervention material

Subgroups	WMD (95% CI)	P value	Studies, n	Participants, n	I2 (%)
SBP (mmHg)
Whole polyphenol-rich food	−3.69 (−4.24, −3.15)	0.00001	16	846	24
Purified food polyphenol extracts	−1.45 (−3.19, −0.28)	0.10	11	467	0
DBP (mmHg)
Whole polyphenol-rich food	−1.44 (−2.56, −0.31)	0.0002	14	773	66
Purified food polyphenol extracts	−1.13 (−3.32, 1.07)	0.31	12	845	53
LDL-c (mg/dL)
Whole polyphenol-rich food	−5.03 (−25.87, 15.80)	0.64	15	823	99
Purified food polyphenol extracts	−4.98 (−10.31, 0.34)	0.07	11	700	54
HDL-c (mg/dL)
Whole polyphenol-rich food	0.44 (−1.30, 2.18)	0.62	16	871	75
Purified food polyphenol extract	1.15 (−0.66, 2.96)	0.21	12	750	51
Glucose (FBG) (mg/dL)
Whole polyphenol-rich food	−2.06 (−6.05, 1.94)	0.31	14	784	83
Purified food polyphenol extracts	−1.06 (−3.37, 1.24)	0.37	11	839	74
FMD (%)
Whole polyphenol-rich food	1.44 (0.35, 2.52)	0.009	6	207	84
Purified food polyphenol extract	4.92 (−6.30, 16.14)	0.39	3	131	97
IL-6 (pg/mL)
Whole polyphenol-rich food	−0.21 (−0.85, 0.43)	0.52	4	165	0
Purified food polyphenol extracts	−0.27 (−1.61, 1.07)	0.69	6	337	98
CRP (mg/L)
Whole polyphenol-rich food	−0.21 (−0.48, 0.06)	0.12	8	298	10
Purified food polyphenol extracts	−0.19 (−0.57, 0.20)	0.34	8	531	0

I² statistic (statistical heterogeneity).

DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; FMD, flow-mediated dilation; SBP, systolic blood pressure; WMD, weighted mean difference.

Significance level at P < 0.05.