TABLE 4.

Random-effects model meta-analysis of mean difference of blood pressure, lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, waist circumferences, endothelial function and markers of inflammation according to the duration of trials

Subgroups	WMD (95% CI)	P value	Studies, n	Participants, n	I2 (%)
SBP (mmHg)
Longer study duration	−3.68 (−4.30, −3.06)	0.00001	18	1004	0
Shorter study duration	−3.50 (−5.78, −1.22)	0.003	9	309	33
DBP (mmHg)
Longer study duration	−1.30 (−2.50, −0.10)	0.03	17	1310	44
Shorter study duration	−2.40 (−2.94, −1.87)	0.00001	9	308	0
LDL-c (mg/dL)
Longer study duration	−9.64 (−29.59, 10.32)	0.34	17	1163	98
Shorter study duration	3.15 (−2.69, 8.99)	0.4	9	360	74
HDL-c (mg/dL)
Longer study duration	1.29 (−0.36, 2.94)	0.13	18	1213	62
Shorter study duration	0.00 (−1.76, 1.76)	0.2	10	408	44
TGs (mg/dL)
Longer study duration	−13.56 (−24.73, −2.39)	0.02	19	1249	77
Shorter study duration	−3.94 (−20.44, 12.56)	0.64	10	408	77
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
Longer study duration	−7.59 (−12.06, −3.11)	0.0009	18	1210	47
Shorter study duration	1.54 (−3.43, 6.51)	0.54	9	360	56
Glucose (FBG) (mg/dL)
Longer study duration	−2.62 (−5.53, 0.29)	0.08	16	1272	79
Shorter study duration	0.78 (−0.92, 2.49)	0.37	9	351	35
Waist circumference (cm)
Longer study duration	−2.05 (−4.18, 0.08)	0.06	10	903	80
Shorter study duration	2.16 (−2.07, 6.40)	0.32	3	146	24
FMD (%)
Longer study duration	4.72 (−1.82, 11.26)	0.16	3	140	97
Shorter study duration	1.73 (0.71, 2.74)	0.0009	6	198	72
IL-6 (pg/mL)
Longer study duration	0.32 (−1.22, 1.86)	0.69	4	253	70
Shorter study duration	−0.42 (−1.73, 0.88)	0.53	6	249	96
CRP (mg/L)
Longer study duration	−0.11 (−0.33, 0.11)	0.32	9	553	0
Shorter study duration	−0.33 (−0.71, 0.05)	0.09	7	276	0

Longer study duration (>4 wk) and shorter study duration (3 d to 4 wk).

I² statistic (statistical heterogeneity).

DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; FMD, flow-mediated dilation; SBP, systolic blood pressure; WMD, weighted mean difference.

Significance level at P<0.05.