TABLE 5.

Random-effects model meta-analysis of mean difference of blood pressure, lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, waist circumferences, endothelial function, and markers of inflammation according to the study size

Subgroups	WMD (95% CI)	P value	Studies, n	Participants, n	I2 (%)
SBP (mmHg)
Large studies	−3.42 (−4.75, −2.09)	0.00001	14	959	14
Small studies	−3.49 (−3.67, −3.31)	0.00001	13	354	0
DBP (mmHg)
Large studies	−0.43 (−0.85, −0.01)	0.05	14	1329	0
Small studies	−2.34 (−3.84, −0.84)	0.002	12	289	39
Lipid profile (mg/dL)
LDL-c
Large studies	−12.09 (−30.49, 6.32)	0.2	17	1301	99
Small studies	6.13 (−0.03, 12.29)	0.05	9	222	55
HDL-c
Large studies	1.16 (−0.33, 2.64)	0.13	18	135	74
Small studies	0.15 (−2.14, 1.84)	0.88	10	270	27
TGs
Large studies	−14.19 (−26.78, −1.60)	0.03	19	1387	82
Small studies	−4.6 (−13.86, 4.65)	0.33	10	270	31
Total cholesterol
Large studies	−7.55 (−12.47, −2.64)	0.003	18	1348	81
Small studies	1.29 (−4.63, 7.22)	0.67	9	222	45
Glucose (FBG) (mg/dL)
Large studies	−2.75 (−5.85, 0.34)	0.08	17	1430	77
Small studies	0.09 (−2.40, 2.58)	0.95	8	193	77
Waist circumference (cm)
Large studies	−2.08 (−4.17, 0.02)	0.05	11	978	78
Small studies	2.46 (−2.78, 7.70)	0.36	2	77	60
FMD (%)
Large studies	3.87 (0.92, 6.82)	0.01	5	271	94
Small studies	0.57 (−1.51, 2.66)	0.59	4	67	90
IL6 (pg/mL)
Large studies	−0.11 (−1.35, 1.14)	0.86	8	455	98
Small studies	−0.24(−0.65, 0.17)	0.25	2	47	0

Large studies (≥30 participants) and small studies (<30 participants).

I² statistic (statistical heterogeneity).

DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; FMD, flow-mediated dilation; SBP, systolic blood pressure; WMD, weighted mean difference.

Significance level at P < 0.05.