TABLE 1.

Sources of carotenoid production by microorganisms, and their delivery mechanisms. DCW = dry cell weight.

Delivery to gut	Carotenoid	Amount	Source	Genetically modified organism	Reference
Probiotic	β-carotene	37 μg/g	Saccharomyces boulardii	Yes	[117]
Probiotic	lycopene	40.8 mg/mL	Bacillus indicus	No	[28]
Probiotic	lycopenoate	23.6 mg/mL	Bacillus indicus	No	[28]
Probiotic	lycopene	1.09 mg/L	Lactococcus lactis	Yes	[177]
Supplement	β-carotene	7 mg/L	Corynebacterium glutamicum	No	[178]
Supplement	β-carotene	6500 mg/L (90 mg/g)	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Yes	[179]
Supplement	β-carotene	4000 mg/L	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Yes	[180]
Supplement	β-carotene	2370 mg/L (73.3 mg/g)	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Yes	[181]
Supplement	β-carotene	2100 mg/L	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Yes	[182]
Supplement	β-carotene	704.1 mg/L	Blakeslea trispora	No	[183]
Supplement	β-carotene	44.2 mg/g	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Yes	[184]
Supplement	lycopene	2300 mg/L	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Yes	[185]
Supplement	lycopene	500 mg/g DCW	Escherichia coli	Yes	[186]
Supplement	lycopene	256 mg/L	Blakeslea trispora	No	[187]
Supplement	lycopene	220 mg/L	Escherichia coli	Yes	[115]
Supplement	lycopene	56 mg/g DCW	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Yes	[188]
Supplement	lycopene	10 mg/g DCW	Rhodobacter sphaeroides	Yes	[189]
Supplement	astaxanthin	385.0 mg/L (7.0 mg/g)	Escherichia coli	Yes	[190]
Supplement	astaxanthin	320 mg/L	Escherichia coli	Yes	[191]
Supplement	astaxanthin	218 mg/L	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Yes	[192]
Supplement	astaxanthin	1.7 mg/g	Corynebacterium glutamicum	No	[193]
Supplement	zeaxanthin	0.5 mg/g DCW	Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous	Yes	[194]