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. 2023 Mar 6;31(3):1361–1372. doi: 10.1007/s10787-023-01156-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Effect of treatment with protocatechuic acid on lung histopathology. a Lung sections from normal control rats showed no histopathological alteration and the normal histological structure of the bronchioles and the surrounding air alveoli were recorded. b Cyclophosphamide group showed collapse and emphysema were detected in the air alveoli associated with bronchiolar epithelium hyperplasia and inflammatory cells infiltration in between all. c Protocatechuic acid 50 group showing congestion in the blood vessels associated with emphysema of the air alveoli. The bronchioles showed moderate epithelial lining hyperplasia with inflammatory cells infiltration in the bronchiolar lumen. d Protocatechuic acid 100 group showed less inflammatory cells infiltration in the bronchiolar lumen (H&E X 200)