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. 2023 May 10;20(6):613–625. doi: 10.1038/s41423-023-01022-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Personalized MSC therapy for GvHD. Blood from a potential MSC recipient with GvHD is collected (1). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma from this patient are isolated (2). Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are generated from the bone marrow of different donors and incubated with PMBCs (3) and/or plasma (4). The secretome of both MSCs and immune cells, as well as functional alterations of monocytes and T cells, are analyzed after coincubation (5). Based on the immune-modulatory readout, the most suitable MSCs are selected, expanded and infused into the patient (6)