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. 2023 Apr 25;20(6):626–650. doi: 10.1038/s41423-023-01020-1

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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to CSI and USTC 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Clinical and preclinical evidence of mesenchymal stromal cell mechanisms of action on immunomodulation and chondroprotection in knee osteoarthritis. Solid arrows are used to demonstrate mechanisms for which there is supporting clinical evidence: dashed arrows indicate the relationship between immunomodulatory and chondroprotective mechanisms supported by preclinical evidence. MSC mesenchymal stromal cell, CQAs critical quality attributes, OA osteoarthritis