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. 2023 May 30;13:8758. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-35799-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Graphical representation of a hypothetical model showing the potential cells of origin and biogenesis route of milk EVs and serum EVs. This model connects potential cells of origin data described in Fig. 4 and the tetraspanin distributions described in Fig. 6. Milk EV (green) and serum EV (pink) cell markers are depicted in combination to their association with CD9, CD63 and CD81, from which we propose their biogenesis route based on Kowal et al.¹¹ and Mathieu et al.¹² study. Created with BioRender.com and Inkscape 1.2.1.