Table 2.

Scoring and findings of oedema, ecchymosis, and other complications in the studies included

Author	Days recorded	How oedema was recorded	Oedema results	How ecchymosis was recorded	Ecchymosis results	Other findings
Taşkın et al. [19]	Day 2 and 7	Scale of 0–4	No significant difference between the groups on both days. Significantly higher oedema on day 2 compared to day 7 in both groups (p < 0.05)	Scale of 0–4	No significant difference between the groups on both days. Significantly higher ecchymosis on day 2 compared to day 7 in both groups (p < 0.05)	N/A
Ghavimi et al. [20]	Day 3 and 7	Scale of 0–4	Higher oedema in conventional osteotomy than piezosurgery after 3 and 7 days (p < 0.001 and p = 0.049).	Scale of 0–3	Higher ecchymosis in conventional osteotomy than piezosurgery after 3, but not after 7 days (p > 0.117).	N/A
Koçak et al [21]	Day 2, 4 and 7	Scale of 0–4	Higher oedema in conventional osteotomy than piezosurgery after day 2 (p = 0.006), no significant difference on day 4 and 7. Conventional osteotomy group oedema decreased from day 2 to 7 (p < 0.001) Piezosurgery group oedema increased from day 2 to 4 (p = 0.007) but decreased day 4 to 7 (p < 0.001)	Scale of 0–4	Higher ecchymosis in conventional osteotomy than piezosurgery after day 2 and 4 (p < 0.001) and day 7 (p = 0.011). Significant decrease in ecchymosis for both groups from day 2 to 7 (p < 0.001 for both)	Conventional osteotomies took less time than piezosurgery (p < 0.001); however, the overall surgery duration was not significantly different. Pain on day 2 was significantly less in piezosurgery patients (p = 0.03). Mucosal injury was significantly less common in piezosurgery patients (p = 0.001).
Fallahi et al. [22]	Day 2 and 7	Scale of 0–4	Higher oedema in conventional osteotomy than piezosurgery after day 2 (p = 0.043), no significant difference on day 7 (p = 0.28)	Scale of 0–3	Higher ecchymosis conventional osteotomy than piezosurgery after 2 and 7 (p < 0.05).	VAS scoring showed reduced post-operative pain at every time point in the piezosurgery group (p < 0.01). Significant difference between age and post-operative pain (p = 0.011), after controlling for age and gender a significant difference in post-operative pain was still shown (p = 0.002).
Aydoğdu et al. [23]	Day 1 and 7	Scale of 0–4	Higher oedema in conventional osteotomy than piezosurgery on day 1 and 7 (all values p < 0.001)	Scale of 0–4	Higher ecchymosis in conventional osteotomy than piezosurgery on day 1 and 7 (all values p < 0.001)	SNOT-22, PNIF, and CCCRC did not show a statistically significant difference between the groups.
Koc et al. [24]	Day 1 and 7	Scale of 0–3	Higher oedema in conventional osteotomy than piezosurgery on day 1 (p < 0.001) and 7 (p = 0.005).	Scale of 0–3	Higher ecchymosis in conventional osteotomy than piezosurgery on day 1 and 7 (p < 0.001 for both).	Duration of surgery was significantly longer in the piezosurgery group (p = 0.002). Piezosurgery patients experienced less pain (VAS scoring) on the first day (p < 0.001) and were more satisfied with their results on the 1st and 7th day.
Tirelli et al. [25]	Daily for 4 days	Scale of 0–2	Higher conventional osteotomy group than piezosurgery in the 4 day follow up period (10 vs. 2, p < 0.05)	Scale of 0–2	Higher conventional osteotomy group than piezosurgery in the 4 day follow up period (10 vs. 2, p < 0.05)	Most piezosurgery patients had minimal discomfort (VAS < 3); however, 75% of the conventional osteotomy group needed analgesic (p < 0.05). More mucosal injury in conventional osteotomy vs piezosurgery (5 vs. 0, p < 0.05). Similar duration of osteotomy time (p = 0.11).
Ilhan et al. [26]	Day 3 and 7 Assessed by two examiners	Scale of 0-3	Higher in conventional osteotomy group than piezosurgery on day 3 (p = 0.002 and 0.007) and day 7 (p = 0.001, second examiner did not agree, p = 0.061). The extent of improvement was deemed similar by one examiner (p > 0.5), and the second examiner indicated a greater improvement in the conventional osteotomy group than the piezosurgery group (p = 0.017).	Scale of 0-3	Higher in conventional osteotomy group than piezosurgery on day 3 (p = 0.001 for both examiners), and on day 7 (p = 0.001 and 0.01). Extent of the improvement in both groups was similar.	N/A