Table 3. Covariates for potential inclusion in the modelling analyses.

Domain	Potential covariate
Socio-economic, demographic, fertility, and cultural factors	Gross National Income
	Gross Domestic Product
	GINI coefficient
	Adult Female Literacy Rate
	Mean years female education
	Adolescent Birth Rate
	Total Fertility Rate
	General Fertility Rate
	Modern contraceptive rate prevalence
	Proportion of live births to mothers aged 35 and older
	Urban Population
Nutritional, behavioural, and environmental factors	Adult Female Smoking Rate
	Indoor air Pollution
	Outdoor air pollution
	Adult Female Body Mass Index (Mean)
	Underweight women of reproductive age
	Overweight women of reproductive age
	Maternal Anaemia
	Adult Female Substance Use
	Intimate Partner Violence
Maternal conditions (including infections)	Maternal Mortality Rate
	Adult Female HIV Prevalence
	Malaria Incidence ( P. falciparum Parasite Rate)
	Insecticide-treated nets coverage
	Adult female Syphilis prevalence
	Gestational Hypertension
	Gestational Diabetes
	Maternal Depression
Fetal or placental conditions	Twinning
	Birth Defects
	Growth restriction
Health care-related factors (Markers of Access to care)	Antenatal Care Attendance (Four or more times)
	Skilled Birth Attendance
	Facility Birth Rate
	Caesarean Section Rate
Early childhood outcomes associated with LBW	Neonatal Mortality Rate
	Stunting prevalence in children under 5 years
	Underweight prevalence in children under 5 years