Table 2.

Association of covariates and risk of depression.

Variable	OR 95% CI	p-value
Age (years)	1.00 (0.99 ~ 1.00)	0.025
Gender
Female	1.00 (reference)
Male	0.52 (0.46 ~ 0.57)	<0.001
Education level
Did not graduate from high school	1.00 (reference)
Graduated from high school	0.66 (0.58 ~ 0.76)	<0.001
College education or above	0.47 (0.41 ~ 0.52)	<0.001
Race/ethnicity
Mexican American	1.00 (reference)
Other Hispanic	1.42 (1.17 ~ 1.73)	<0.001
Non-Hispanic white	0.95 (0.82 ~ 1.11)	0.550
Non-Hispanic black	1.05 (0.88 ~ 1.25)	0.599
Other races	0.66 (0.52 ~ 0.84)	0.001
PIR	0.66 (0.63 ~ 0.68)	<0.001
BMI (kg/m2)	1.04 (1.03 ~ 1.05)	<0.001
Smoking status
Smoker	1.00 (reference)
Non-smoker	0.53 (0.48 ~ 0.59)	<0.001
Drinking status
Drinker	1.00 (reference)
Non-drinker	1.00 (0.89 ~ 1.12)	0.988
Laboratory results
WBC (×109/L)	1.07 (1.05 ~ 1.09)	<0.001
ALB (g/L)	0.93 (0.91 ~ 0.94)	<0.001
ALT (U/L)	1.00 (1.00 ~ 1.00)	0.055
AST (U/L)	1.00 (1.00 ~ 1.00)	0.025
ALP (log2) (U/L)	1.62 (1.45 ~ 1.81)	<0.001
TC (mmol/L)	1.05 (1.00 ~ 1.10)	0.053
TG (mmol/L)	1.08 (1.05 ~ 1.12)	<0.001
Creatinine (μmol/L)	1.00 (1.00 ~ 1.00)	0.973
Physical activity
Vigorous work activity	1.07 (0.94 ~ 1.22)	0.327
Moderate work activity	1.24 (1.11 ~ 1.38)	<0.001
Walk or bicycle	1.22 (1.08 ~ 1.37)	0.001
Vigorous recreational activities	2.54 (2.15 ~ 2.99)	<0.001
Moderate recreational activities	2.24 (1.99 ~ 2.51)	<0.001
Diabetes	1.69 (1.50 ~ 1.90)	<0.001
Hypertension	1.64 (1.48 ~ 1.82)	<0.001

Data presented are ORs and 95% CIs. PIR, the ratio of family income to poverty; BMI, body mass index; WBC, white blood cell; ALB, albumin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.