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. 2023 May 17;10:1162442. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1162442

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Copyright © 2023 Gou, Li, Qiao, Maimaititusvn and Liu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Scatter plots showing the causal effect of exposure on outcome. (A) The effect of IGF-1 on vitamin D. (B) The effect of IGF-1 on 25-hydroxyvitamin D. (C) The effect of vitamin D on IGF-1. (D) The effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D on IGF-1.