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. 2023 May 17;14:1122489. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1122489

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Copyright © 2023 Kardas, González-Rosario, Giray, Ackerman and Godoy-Vitorino.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Diversity analyses comparing the microbiota of the two species of bees Apis mellifera (social) and Centris decolorata (solitary). (A) Beta diversity analysis, represented in a 2D NMDS with Bray-Curtis distances for species and sample types, depicts distinct clustering between the brood cell content and the adult bee with PERMANOVA value of p = 0.001; ANOSIM value of p = 0.001. (B) Alpha-diversity among species using Chao1 and Shannon indices. Asterisks depict significant values (*, **, *** representing 0.05, 0.01, 0.001, respectively). Bar Plots show the relative abundance (minimum 5%) of bacteria at the phyla (C), and genus levels (D).