Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2023 May 17;14:1148209. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1148209

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2023 Mehdi, Pusapati, Anwar, Lohana, Kumar, Nandula, Nawaz, Tracey, Yang, LeRoith, Brownstein and Roth

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

Obesity and consumption of foods high in advanced glycation end-products (red circles, AGEs) create a pro-inflammatory state through dysregulated arginine metabolism (increasing arginase activity and production of ADMA, in red) and activating RAGE-mediated, NF-kB inflammation (pink star). ADMA also inhibits endothelial NOS (eNOS) and increases NF-kB activity. GLP-1 production is spurred by consumption of L-arginine (green circles) and when it binds its receptor, it activates protein kinase A (blue octagon). This activity blunts RAGE-mediated inflammation and production of ADMA (blue T-lines). The GLP-1 pathway is also a target of treatments for diabetes and obesity. GLP-1 is rapidly degraded by DPP-4, and DPP-4 inhibitors (gliptins) are used to increase GLP-1. GLP-1 receptor agonists (exenatide and liraglutide) are also available (148). Figure modified from article 147 Open access (Journal of Immunology Research) permissible to re-use under a CC-BY 4.0 license).