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. 2023 May 17;14:1148209. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1148209

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Copyright © 2023 Mehdi, Pusapati, Anwar, Lohana, Kumar, Nandula, Nawaz, Tracey, Yang, LeRoith, Brownstein and Roth

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Overview of the main pathways induced by GLP-1 in neurons. Activation of the GLP-1R activates adenylyl cyclase and increases cAMP levels. This activates PKA and other downstream kinases related to growth factor signaling. GLP-1 supports neurogenesis, reduces inflammation, and inhibits apoptosis while improving learning and memory in the hippocampus.(modify from reference 130) (AATP, adenosine triphosphate; cAMP, Cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CREB, cAMP response element binding protein; PKA, protein kinase A; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase; PKC, protein kinase c; mTOR, Mammalian target of rapamycin; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; BRAF, v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1.) Figure modified from reference 130, Open access (Peptides journal) permissible to re-use under a CC-BY 4.0 license).