Table 2.
Alterations in microbiota composition and biochemical variables in HUA animal models.
| Study | Sample size | Age | HUA inducing method | Analysis | Microbiota changes in HUA group | Biochemical changes in HUA group | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hyperuricemia | Control | Microbiota diversity analysis | Biochemical analysis | |||||
| Liu et al. (7) | Twenty nine male wister rats | 19 male wister rats | 6 weeks old | yeast-rich forage/purine at 100 mg/ (Kg _ d) | 16S rRNA gene Sequencing and amplification V3-V4 variable regions/16S rDNA gene Sequencing (frozen fecal sample) | Analysis of plasma biochemical indicators | α-diversity: Shannon index ↑Phylum: Firmicutes ↑ and Actinobacteria ↓Genera: Prevotella ↓, Anaerovibrio ↓, Alloprevotella ↓, Barnesiella ↓, Clostridium_XlVa ↑, Flavonifractor ↑, Phascolarctobacterium ↑, Clostridium_XVIII ↑, Parabacteroides ↑, Robinsoniella ↑, Subdoligranulum ↑, Catabacter ↑, Blautia ↑, Bacteroides ↑, Olsenella ↑, Vallitalea ↑, Christensenella ↑ and Insolitispirillum ↑ | Plasma analysis: UA ↑, BUN ↑, Cr ↑, and TC ↑ |
| LV et al. (16) | Six homozygous mice (UOX-/-) | Six wild type mice (WT) | 15 weeks old | Preclinical induced HUA | 16S rRNA gene SequencingV1-V3 region (frozen fecal sample) | Analysis of plasma biochemical indicators/Hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemical analysis (tissue sample)/ELISA (serum and parenteral tissues) | Genera: Bacteroides ↑,Alloprevotella ↑, Alistipes ↑, Parabacteroides ↑, Clostridium ↓, Lactobacillus ↓, Candidatus ↓ and Coriobacteriaceae ↓ | Plasma analysis: UA ↑, TC ↑, HDL ↑, LDL ↑, ELISA: TNF-α ↑ and IL-1β ↑ |
| Pan et al. (25) | Six male SD rats | Six male SD rats | 26 weeks old | 10% yeast and 0.15% adenine diet | 16S rRNA gene Sequencing V3–V4 region (Fecal sample) | Analysis of plasma and urine metabolites | Diversity: Shannon index: No significant differences Phylum: Actinobacteria ↑, Proteobacteria ↑, Clostridiaceae ↑ and Bacteroidetes ↓Family level: Clostridiaceae ↑Genus: Flavobacterium ↑, Myroides ↑, Corynebacterium ↑, Alcaligenaceae ↑, Oligella ↑, Blautia ↓ and Roseburia ↓ | Plasma analysis: UA ↑, BUN ↑, and Cr ↑ Plasma aminoacid: Serine glutamate ↑ and Glutamine ↑Urine analysis: Phenol ↓, p-cresol ↓, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid ↓ and indol-5-ol ↓ |
| Xu et al. (17) | 6 hyperuricemia model mice (Hy) | Six wild-type mice (WT) | 4 weeks old | Not mentioned | 16S rRNA gene Sequencing V1-V3 region (frozen fecal sample) | Biochemical analysis of blood / Hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemical analyses (tissue sample) / ELISA (serum and parenteral tissues) | Diversity: Shannon index: No significant differences Phylum: Firmicutes ↓Family level: Prevotellaceae ↑, Rikenellaceae ↑, Bacteroidaceae ↑ and Bacteroidales ↑Genus: Lactobacillus ↑, Clostridium ↑Bacteroides ↑and Ruminococcaceae ↑ | Plasma analysis: UA ↑, TC ↑, HDL ↑,LDL ↑ and Endotoxins ↑ELISA: TNF-α ↑ |
| Yu et al. (15) | Six SD hyperuricaemia rats (Model group), 6 SD allopurinol treated rats (Allopurinol) and 6 SD benzbromarone treated rats (Benzbromarone) | Six male (SD) rats | 6-month-old | High-fat feed containing 10% yeast extract/ | 16S rRNA gene Sequencing and amplification V3-V4 variable Regions (Fecal sample) | Analysis of plasma biochemical indicators | Diversity: Shannon index: No significant differences Phylum: Bacteroidetes ↑, Lentisphaerae ↑, Firmicutes ↓ and Tenericutes ↓Genera Bacteroides ↑, Parabacteroides ↑, Gemella ↑, Lactococcus ↑, Anaerostipes ↑, Dorea ↑, Anaerotruncus ↑, Allobaculum ↑, Holdemania ↑, Desulfovibrio ↑, Morganella ↑,Proteus ↑, Rothia ↓, Collinsella ↓, Prevotella ↓, Lactobacillus ↓, Streptococcus ↓, Clostridium ↓, Dehalobacterium ↓, Ruminococcus ↓, and Anaeroplasma ↓ | Plasma analysis: UA ↑, Cr ↑, AST ↑ and CHO1↑ |
HUA, hyperuricemia; SD, sprague Dawley; UA, Uric acid; Cr, creatinine; AST, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase; CHO1, cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; BUN, blood urea nitrogen.