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. 2023 May 31:1–16. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-27651-5

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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

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Fig. 1 — Experimental design and the appearance of reactors for 100 days of treatment. A Fresh water treated by control mask, B fresh water treated by a bacterial mask, C Chlorella sp. treated by control mask, and D Chlorella sp. treated by a bacterial mask