Table 3.
Regression results (α = 2, number of neighbouring neighbourhoods = 20).
| Row | Independent variables | Group 1: Metropolitan Statistical Areas | Group 2: Top 100 Largest Cities | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) Work behaviour share | (2) Distance travelled | (3) Non-home time | (4) Work behaviour share | (5) Distance travelled | (6) Non-home time | ||
| 1 | 0–5 days | −0.049 (0.002)*** | 0.011 (0.002)*** | −0.048 (0.002)*** | −0.021 (0.006)*** | 0.023 (0.003)*** | −0.089 (0.011)*** |
| 2 | 6–14 days | −0.026 (0.002)*** | 0.028 (0.002)*** | −0.047 (0.002)*** | −0.027 (0.003)*** | 0.025 (0.007)*** | −0.049 (0.014)*** |
| 3 | 15–19 days | −0.022 (0.003)*** | 0.027 (0.003)*** | −0.045 (0.002)*** | −0.019 (0.004)*** | 0.024 (0.005)*** | −0.029 (0.008)*** |
| 4 | 20+ days | −0.013 (0.001)*** | 0.041 (0.004)*** | −0.045 (0.003)*** | −0.024 (0.008)*** | 0.033 (0.005)*** | −0.027 (0.007)*** |
| Evenness of segregation | |||||||
| 5 | 0–5 days×Ethnic diversity | 0.039 (0.002)*** | 0.003 (0.001)*** | 0.015 (0.002)*** | 0.060 (0.011)*** | 0.019 (0.003)*** | 0.016 (0.001)*** |
| 6 | 6–14 days×Ethnic diversity | 0.031 (0.003)*** | 0.006 (0.001)*** | 0.024 (0.003)*** | 0.044 (0.009)*** | 0.028 (0.004)*** | 0.030 (0.005)*** |
| 7 | 15–19 days×Ethnic diversity | 0.020 (0.002)*** | 0.008 (0.001)*** | 0.040 (0.002)*** | 0.045 (0.012)*** | 0.069 (0.015)*** | 0.047 (0.008)*** |
| 8 | 20+ days×Ethnic diversity | 0.019 (0.001)*** | 0.010 (0.002)*** | 0.043 (0.003)*** | 0.035 (0.007)*** | 0.078 (0.019)*** | 0.057 (0.007)*** |
| 9 | 0–5 days×Black–White dissimilarity | −0.009 (0.002)*** | −0.005 (0.002)** | −0.009 (0.002)*** | −0.024 (0.011)** | −0.024 (0.007)*** | −0.018 (0.005)*** |
| 10 | 6–14 days×Black–White dissimilarity | −0.006 (0.001)*** | −0.007 (0.002)*** | −0.003 (0.001)*** | −0.028 (0.009)*** | −0.022 (0.006)*** | −0.017 (0.003)*** |
| 11 | 15–19 days×Black–White dissimilarity | −0.004 (0.002)** | −0.006 (0.003)** | −0.009 (0.003)*** | −0.036 (0.010)*** | −0.011 (0.002)*** | −0.015 (0.003)*** |
| 12 | 20+ days×Black–White dissimilarity | −0.004 (0.001)*** | −0.005 (0.001)*** | −0.004 (0.001)*** | −0.033 (0.009)*** | −0.018 (0.006)*** | −0.022 (0.004)*** |
| 13 | 0–5 days×Hispanic–White dissimilarity | −0.006 (0.002)*** | −0.006 (0.002)*** | −0.013 (0.002)*** | −0.021 (0.010)** | −0.024 (0.010)** | −0.032 (0.011)*** |
| 14 | 6–14 days×Hispanic–White dissimilarity | −0.008 (0.001)*** | −0.002 (0.001)** | −0.006 (0.001)*** | −0.010 (0.002)*** | −0.018 (0.005)*** | −0.051 (0.010)*** |
| 15 | 15–19 days×Hispanic–White dissimilarity | −0.007 (0.002)*** | −0.008 (0.002)*** | −0.006 (0.001)*** | −0.017 (0.008)** | −0.011 (0.003)*** | −0.039 (0.012)*** |
| 16 | 20+ days×Hispanic– White Dissimilarity | −0.005 (0.001)*** | −0.007 (0.002)*** | −0.007 (0.001)*** | −0.022 (0.007)*** | −0.009 (0.003)*** | −0.033 (0.010)*** |
| Exposure of segregation | |||||||
| 17 | 0–5 days×Black-White interaction | 0.028 (0.006)*** | 0.011 (0.002)*** | 0.037 (0.006)*** | 0.090 (0.020)*** | 0.038 (0.010)*** | 0.053 (0.018)*** |
| 18 | 6–14 days×Black-White interaction | 0.021 (0.005)*** | 0.012 (0.002)*** | 0.057 (0.004)*** | 0.048 (0.022)** | 0.033 (0.011)*** | 0.043 (0.020)** |
| 19 | 15–19 days×Black-White interaction | 0.032 (0.006)*** | 0.014 (0.003)*** | 0.062 (0.006)*** | 0.068 (0.023)*** | 0.033 (0.012)*** | 0.033 (0.010)*** |
| 20 | 20+ days×Black-White interaction | 0.029 (0.004)*** | 0.008 (0.002)*** | 0.044 (0.003)*** | 0.107 (0.031)*** | 0.040 (0.008)*** | 0.032 (0.010)*** |
| 21 | 0–5 days×Hispanic-White interaction | 0.017 (0.006)*** | 0.015 (0.007)** | 0.037 (0.005)*** | 0.093 (0.040)** | 0.058 (0.011)*** | 0.035 (0.017)** |
| 22 | 6–14 days×Hispanic-White interaction | 0.016 (0.005)*** | 0.020 (0.005)*** | 0.049 (0.004)*** | 0.047 (0.010)*** | 0.035 (0.010)*** | 0.038 (0.019)** |
| 23 | 15–19 days×Hispanic-White interaction | 0.024 (0.006)*** | 0.026 (0.007)*** | 0.049 (0.005)*** | 0.037 (0.011)*** | 0.050 (0.012)*** | 0.044 (0.020)** |
| 24 | 20+ days×Hispanic-White interaction | 0.026 (0.004)*** | 0.022 (0.004)*** | 0.036 (0.003)*** | 0.087 (0.010)*** | 0.086 (0.016)*** | 0.035 (0.009)*** |
| Concentration of segregation | |||||||
| 25 | 0–5 days×Black concentration | −0.032 (0.007)*** | 0.018 (0.002)*** | 0.062 (0.006)*** | −0.116 (0.016)*** | 0.024 (0.009)*** | 0.022 (0.004)*** |
| 26 | 6–14 days×Black concentration | −0.033 (0.006)*** | 0.010 (0.002)*** | 0.085 (0.005)*** | −0.162 (0.016)*** | 0.030 (0.009)*** | 0.039 (0.009)*** |
| 27 | 15–19 days×Black concentration | −0.030 (0.008)*** | 0.014 (0.003)*** | 0.088 (0.006)*** | −0.130 (0.010)*** | 0.036 (0.010)*** | 0.028 (0.008)*** |
| 28 | 20+ days×Black concentration | −0.035 (0.004)*** | 0.019 (0.004)*** | 0.055 (0.004)*** | −0.134 (0.011)*** | 0.065 (0.011)*** | 0.035 (0.012)*** |
| 29 | 0–5 days×Hispanic concentration | −0.036 (0.006)*** | 0.021 (0.007)*** | 0.042 (0.005)*** | −0.205 (0.014)*** | 0.049 (0.012)*** | 0.025 (0.008)*** |
| 30 | 6–14 days×Hispanic concentration | −0.044 (0.005)*** | 0.028 (0.006)*** | 0.055 (0.005)*** | −0.229 (0.016)*** | 0.051 (0.016)*** | 0.022 (0.006)*** |
| 31 | 15–19 days×Hispanic concentration | −0.041 (0.007)*** | 0.033 (0.008)*** | 0.054 (0.006)*** | −0.221 (0.018)*** | 0.043 (0.015)*** | 0.022 (0.007)*** |
| 32 | 20+ days×Hispanic concentration | −0.042 (0.004)*** | 0.027 (0.004)*** | 0.040 (0.003)*** | −0.207 (0.014)*** | 0.079 (0.012)*** | 0.024 (0.008)*** |
| Control variable | |||||||
| 33 | 0–5 days×Essential occupation rate | 0.132 (0.006)*** | 0.013 (0.002)*** | 0.111 (0.002)*** | 0.201 (0.003)*** | 0.078 (0.002)*** | 0.082 (0.003)*** |
| 34 | 6–14 days×Essential occupation rate | 0.121 (0.002)*** | 0.010 (0.002)*** | 0.123 (0.002)*** | 0.183 (0.002)*** | 0.023 (0.005)*** | 0.078 (0.002)*** |
| 35 | 15–19 days×Essential occupation rate | 0.102 (0.003)*** | 0.011 (0.001)*** | 0.132 (0.003)*** | 0.174 (0.002)*** | 0.0.45 (0.006)*** | 0.093 (0.003)*** |
| 36 | 20+ days×Essential occupation rate | 0.087 (0.002)*** | 0.013 (0.003)*** | 0.092 (0.004)*** | 0.147 (0.002)*** | 0.031 (0.004)*** | 0.102 (0.004)*** |
| 37 | 0–5 days×Poverty rate | 0.164 (0.001)*** | 0.058 (0.002)*** | 0.182 (0.001)*** | 0.077 (0.012)*** | 0.036 (0.010)*** | 0.052 (0.011)*** |
| 38 | 6–14 days×Poverty rate | 0.162 (0.001)*** | 0.050 (0.002)*** | 0.147 (0.001)*** | 0.115 (0.010)*** | 0.234 (0.012)*** | 0.212 (0.010)*** |
| 39 | 15–19 days×Poverty Rate | 0.169 (0.003)*** | 0.038 (0.002)*** | 0.124 (0.001)*** | 0.101 (0.012)*** | 0.120 (0.016)*** | 0.186 (0.013)*** |
| 40 | 20+ days×Poverty rate | 0.166 (0.002)*** | 0.008 (0.001)*** | 0.092 (0.001)*** | 0.125 (0.007)*** | 0.023 (0.009)*** | 0.106 (0.007)*** |
| 41 | 0–5 days×No-college-degree rate | 0.041 (0.001)*** | 0.037 (0.001)*** | 0.055 (0.002)*** | 0.164 (0.011)*** | 0.108 (0.014)*** | 0.212 (0.010)*** |
| 42 | 6–14 days×No-college-degree rate | 0.046 (0.001)*** | 0.042 (0.001)*** | 0.060 (0.001)*** | 0.179 (0.010)*** | 0.152 (0.012)*** | 0.287 (0.009)*** |
| 43 | 15–19 days×No-college-degree rate | 0.037 (0.002)*** | 0.016 (0.002)*** | 0.073 (0.002)*** | 0.204 (0.012)*** | 0.139 (0.015)*** | 0.317 (0.012)*** |
| 44 | 20+ days×No-college-degree rate | 0.047 (0.002)*** | 0.022 (0.001)*** | 0.059 (0.001)*** | 0.194 (0.007)*** | 0.091 (0.009)*** | 0.255 (0.007)*** |
| 45 | 0–5 days×Trump share | −0.009 (0.002)*** | −0.008 (0.002)*** | −0.040 (0.001)*** | −0.018 (0.003)*** | −0.137 (0.013)*** | −0.058 (0.010)*** |
| 46 | 6–14 days×Trump share | −0.038 (0.003)*** | −0.007 (0.001)*** | −0.059 (0.001)*** | −0.039 (0.009)*** | −0.137 (0.011)*** | −0.149 (0.009)*** |
| 47 | 15–19 days×Trump share | −0.033 (0.002)*** | −0.007 (0.001)*** | −0.065 (0.001)*** | −0.024 (0.011)** | −0.108 (0.013)*** | −0.149 (0.011)*** |
| 48 | 20+ days×Trump share | −0.026 (0.003)*** | 0.003 (0.002)*** | −0.028 (0.002)*** | −0.026 (0.006)*** | −0.245 (0.008)*** | −0.048 (0.006)*** |
| 49 | 0–5 days×POI mix | −0.027 (0.003)*** | −0.012 (0.001)*** | −0.018 (0.001)*** | −0.045 (0.009)*** | −0.017 (0.003)*** | −0.033 (0.009)*** |
| 50 | 6–14 days×POI mix | −0.034 (0.004)*** | −0.016 (0.001)*** | −0.016 (0.001)*** | −0.041 (0.007)*** | −0.019 (0.009)** | −0.022 (0.007)*** |
| 51 | 15–19 days×POI Mix | −0.032 (0.002)*** | −0.015 (0.002)*** | −0.015 (0.002)*** | −0.031 (0.009)*** | −0.011 (0.005)** | −0.029 (0.009)*** |
| 52 | 20+ days×POI mix | −0.034 (0.003)*** | −0.014 (0.001)*** | −0.017 (0.001)*** | −0.010 (0.002)*** | −0.018 (0.006)*** | −0.015 (0.005)*** |
| 53 | COVID-19 new cases | −0.013 (0.001)*** | −0.028 (0.002)*** | −0.015 (0.001)*** | −0.013 (0.003)*** | −0.016 (0.003)*** | −0.011 (0.001)*** |
| 54 | Census tract fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 55 | Date fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 56 | Observations | 3,665,579 | 3,665,579 | 3,665,579 | 994,358 | 994,358 | 994,358 |
| 57 | R-squared | 0.64 | 0.56 | 0.74 | 0.75 | 0.61 | 0.76 |
Note: The number in parentheses is a standard error; Each column reports the standardised coefficient.
**
p < 0.05. ***p < 0.01.