Table 5.
Results of intratumoral immunotherapy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer
| Reference | n | Metastasis | Type of immunotherapy | Imaging | Combination therapy | Overall complications, n | Complications ≥grade III | Median* survival (months); OS initiation | NOS 1–9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p53 activation pathway | |||||||||
| Gong et al., 201164 | 9 | NR | H101 adenovirus | EUS (100) | CHT 9 (100) | NR | NR | 7 | 7 |
| Xiao et al., 201171 | 19 | NR | H101 adenovirus | EUS (100) | CHT 19 (100) | NR | NR | 9 | 6† |
| Yunwei et al., 201072 | 8 | NR | H101 adenovirus | EUS (100) | CHT 8 (100) | NR | NR | 6 | 3 |
| Hecht et al., 200365 | 21 | 12 (57) | ONYX-015 adenovirus | EUS (100) | CHT 21 (100) | NR | 21 (100) | 7.5; T | 4 |
| Li et al., 201169 | 15 | 8 (53) | p53 adenovirus | Percutaneous ultrasonography (100) | CRT 15 (100) | 64 | 8 (53) | 13.8 | 7 |
| Total p53 activation pathway | 72 | 20 of 36 (56) | NA | EUS (79), Percutaneous ultrasonography (21) | CHT 57 (79), CRT 15 (21) | 64 of 15 | 29 of 36 (81) | NA | NA |
| Tumour necrosis factor-α pathway | |||||||||
| Hecht et al., 201266 | 50 | 0 (0) | TNFerade biologic | EUS (54), percutaneous (46) | CRT 50 (100) | NR | 65 (NR)‡ | 9.9; Inc | 8 |
| Herman et al., 201367 | 187 | 132 (70.6) | TNFerade biologic | EUS (50.8), Percutaneous, ultrasonography/CT (49.2) | CRT 187 (100.0) | 219 | 116 (NR)‡ | 10; R | 8† |
| Total tumour necrosis factor-α pathway | 237 | 132 of 237 (55.7) | NA | EUS (51.5), percutaneous ultrasonography/CT (48.5) | CRT 237 (100.0) | 219 of 187 | NR | NA | NA |
| Other immunotherapy | |||||||||
| Hirooka et al., 201868 | 15 | 0 (0) | Zoledronate-pulsed dendritic cells | EUS | CHT 15 (100) | 33 | 4 (27) | 11.5 | 8 |
| Nishimura et al., 201870 | 6 | 5 (83) | STNM01 oligonucleotide | EUS | None | 0 | 0 (0) | 5.8 | 5 |
| Total | 330 | 147 of 294 (50.0) | NA | NA | CHT 72 (21.8), CRT 252 (76.4) | 316 of 223 | 33 of 57 (57.9) | NA | NA |
Values are n (%) unless otherwise stated. *If the median was unavailable the mean is presented. †RCT. ‡n = number of complications. OS, overall survival; NOS, Newcastle–Ottawa scale; NR, not reported; EUS, endoscopic ultrasonography; CHT, chemotherapy; T, treatment; CRT, chemoradiotherapy; NA, not applicable; Inc, Inclusion; R, randomization.