Fig. 1.

Different types of action of SASP. Stress stimuli can trigger normal cells to enter senescence-associated cell cycle arrest, which is characterized by enlarged and flattened cell shape, lysosomal enhancement, metabolic adaptations, elevated anti-apoptotic response, increasing ROS, and the secretion of SASP. The SASP can have an autocrine effect to reinforce the senescent phenotype and also function in a paracine manner to trigger cellular senescence or regulate the activities of neighboring cells. Endocrine effects of SASP on remote tissues/organs have also been proposed