Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of respondents and the outcome variable
| N=16,423 | Low birth weight | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Weighted | <2500g;2.82% | P-value |
| Quality ANC | 0.2 | ||
| low | 14954(91.10) | 710(4.76) | |
| high | 1469(8.94) | 56(3.83) | |
| Community level factors | n(%) | n(%) | |
| Type of residence | 0.857 | ||
| urban | 2489(15.15) | 143(4.59) | |
| rural | 13934(84.85) | 623(4.69) | |
| Water sources | 0.76 | ||
| improved | 10316(70.70) | 466(4.48) | |
| unimproved | 4275(29.30) | 191(4.61) | |
| Socio-economic&demographic factors | |||
| Maternal education | 0.299 | ||
| no education | 2481(15.10) | 104(4.29) | |
| primary | 11544(70.29) | 564(4.86) | |
| secondary&higher | 2398(14.60) | 98(4.2) | |
| Married/partnered | 0.008** | ||
| no | 3007(18.31) | 171(5.64) | |
| yes | 13416(81.69) | 595(4.46) | |
| Access to media | 0.096 | ||
| not at all | 2459(14.98) | 133(5.45) | |
| less than once a week | 3856(23.49) | 187(4.89) | |
| at least once a week | 10100(61.53) | 445(4.4) | |
| Wealth index | <0.001*** | ||
| poor | 7246(44.12) | 387(5.33) | |
| middle | 3268(19.90) | 150(4.93) | |
| rich | 5909(35.98) | 229(3.73) | |
| Cooking fuel | 0.162 | ||
| solid fuel | 13706(84.75) | 625(4.55) | |
| non-solid fuel | 2467(15.25) | 125(5.25) | |
| Individual level factors | |||
| Maternal age | 0.0025* | ||
| 15-19 | 357(2.17) | 27(8.29) | |
| 20-34 | 10976(66.83) | 524(4.75) | |
| 35-49 | 5091(31.00) | 215(4.26) | |
| Birth order | <0.001*** | ||
| 1st | 3713(22.61) | 269(7.32) | |
| 2-3rd | 6275(38.21) | 263(4.2) | |
| 4th and above | 6436(39.19) | 234(3.61) | |
| Preceding birth interval | 0.026* | ||
| < 24months | 1947(11.86) | 73(3.69) | |
| >=24months | 14476(88.14) | 693(4.81) | |
| Maternal smoking status | 0.216 | ||
| no | 16279(99.17) | 757(4.66) | |
| yes | 136(0.83) | 9(7.17) | |
| Maternal BMI | 0.365 | ||
| underweight | 6293(38.32) | 309(4.88) | |
| normal | 10130(61.68) | 457(4.55) | |
| Sex of newborn | <0.001*** | ||
| male | 8370(50.97) | 320(3.82) | |
| female | 8053(49.03) | 446(5.56) | |
| Health service factor | |||
| Iron supplementation | 0.576 | ||
| no | 3784(23.04) | 174(4.5) | |
| yes | 12639(76.96) | 592(4.73) | |
| Received anti-malaria treatment | 0.04* | ||
| no | 10342(86.74) | 402(4.06) | |
| yes | 1580(13.26) | 73(5.16) | |
*p<0.05
**p<0.01
***p<0.001