Abstract
Background
The Shui are a small Chinese sociolinguistic group living in Sandu Shui Autonomous County, south of Guizhou Province. The Shui people have accumulated and developed rich traditional medicinal knowledge, which has played a significant role in their healthcare. Traditional ethnic herbal medicines, like Shui ethnomedicine, have become an important resource of rural development in Guizhou Province. However, not much research has been conducted to document the medicinal plants traditionally used by the Shui people. This study’s aims are (1) to record the current use of medicinal plants in Sandu County and associated traditional knowledge, including the medicinal plant species used and the types of diseases treated by local healers and any unique aspects of their preparations; (2) to analyze the most important medicinal plant species using relative frequency of citation (RFC); and (3) to provide useful information and data for possible future development and application of ethnomedicine and promote the conservation and preservation of Shui traditional medicinal knowledge.
Methods
Field surveys were conducted between July 2015 and August 2022 in Sandu County. A total of 15 local healers as key informants were interviewed. An additional 132 informants from villages and local markets were also interviewed through semistructured interviews and focal group discussions. Local Shui healers were followed during their collection of medicinal plants in the fields and recorded the medicinal plants’ names, uses, and parts used. An ANOVA was used to evaluate the number of medicinal plants recognized by local healers across age-groups and townships, and relative frequencies of citation values were determined for the recorded medicinal plants.
Results
In this study, data collected from 15 Shui healers and 132 other informants were analyzed. The healers used fresh or dried parts of 505 plant species as medicine to treat a wide range of conditions and diseases. These plants belong to 405 genera from 156 families, with Fabaceae being the highest represented plant family. The Jiuqian township had the highest distribution of per capita healers (pch); only one local healer was in Zhonghe. Of the 15 local healers, only two were younger than 40 years of age. There is a major concern that traditional medicinal knowledge may be lost if there are not sufficient trainees or suitable successors. Among the common medicinal plants, most are herbaceous and the Shui typically use the whole plant in their medicines. There are 85 different recorded diseases treated by Shui medicinal plants, and among them, rheumatism and bone fractures have the largest number of species used. Three medicinal plant species, Isodon amethystoides, Asarum insigne, and Acorus tatarinowii, are the most commonly used ethnomedicines by the Shui people.
Conclusion
This study demonstrated that Shui people have extensive knowledge of a diverse range of medicinal plants, many of which had not been systematically recorded before the current study. Further research on the chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity of Shui medicinal plants will be useful for developing functional foods or pharmaceutical products, particularly those of Isodon amethystoides, Asarum insigne, and Acorus tatarinowii. Additionally, as a result of rapid economic growth, fewer young people in Shui communities pursue traditional medicinal studies. Only 15 traditional Shui healers remain in the county, and only two of them are below the age of 40 years. Therefore, to conserve Shui’s traditional medicinal knowledge, initiatives and policies are required to regenerate, strengthen, and promote Shui medicinal knowledge.
Keywords: Medicinal plants, Traditional knowledge, Ethnomedicine, Shui ethnic group
Background
Traditional medical systems worldwide have a long history of preventing and treating diseases while supporting community health [1]. As such, traditional medicinal plants have been studied both for conserving ethnomedicinal knowledge [2] and for modern drug discovery [3]. Local communities throughout China have maintained and transmitted rich traditional medicinal systems over centuries, including traditional Chinese medicine, as well as a diverse range of ethnomedicinal practices of the numerous minority sociolinguistic groups of the country [4]. Guizhou Province is one of China’s four major medicinal production areas. It is known as “Western China’s Medicine Center” due to its rich ethnomedicinal resources, including those of the Shui communities [5].
The Shui people, a sociolinguistic group residing in Sandu Shui Autonomous County, are situated in the south of China’s Guizhou Province. The Shui population is around 410,000 [6]. With a long and storied history, the Shui people have amassed a wealth of folk medicinal knowledge, detailing numerous distinctive treatments for local common ailments such as traumatic injuries, bone fractures, and snake bites [7]. This repository of Shui folk medicine has been continually enriched and refined through generations of practical applications. For example, the Shui people's practical need for utilizing herbal medicine to prevent and treat diseases has fostered the development of their distinctive medicinal plants market customs during the Dragon Boat Festival.
According to previous studies, there are more than 300 common medicinal plant species combined in numerous medicinal formulations by the Shui people [8]. Some publications related to Shui medicine include “Shui Nationality’s Medicine” [9], “The Treasury of Knowledge of Medicine of Shui in China” [10], “Summary of Ethnomedicinal Plants in China” [11], and several papers [12–14]. The local traditional Shui medicinal knowledge and managing experiences which are practiced, accumulated, and passed down from generation to generation may play a significant role in the sustainable use and development of Sandu plants resources.
In previous publications about Shui medicinal resources [15–19], traditional Shui medicinal plants and ethnomedicinal knowledge have not been systematically reported. Normally, the practice of traditional medicine is handed down through generations, and the old generation who hold the traditional medicinal knowledge must impart it to the next generation of healers before they die. However, nowadays few younger Shui people elect to learn traditional medical practices. Thus, the traditional knowledge regarding herbal medicines in Sandu should be documented immediately to avoid becoming endangered in the near future.
This research focuses on understudied Shui medicinal plants and associated traditional knowledge in Sandu County, with the following three aims: (1) to record the current use of medicinal plants in Sandu County and associated traditional knowledge, including the medicinal plant species used and the types of diseases treated by local healers and any unique aspects of their preparations; (2) to analyze the most important medicinal plant species using relative frequency of citation (RFC); and (3) to provide useful information and data for possible future development and application of ethnomedicine and promote the conservation and preservation of Shui traditional medicinal knowledge.
Methods
Study area
The study area is situated in Sandu Shui Autonomous County, a part of the Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in Guizhou Province, Southwest China (Fig. 1). Located between the Moon and Leigong Mountains, the study area spans 25° 30′–25° 10′ N and 107° 40′–108° 14′ E. Sandu County stretches 56 km from east to west and 78 km from north to south, encompassing a total area of 2380 square kilometers [20]. This region features a low mountainous landform type, with Gengding Mountain in the northwest as its highest point at 1665.5 m above sea level. The lowest point is positioned at the terminus of the Duliujiang River, with an altitude of 303 m, while the average altitude is 675 m. The area’s climate is classified as subtropical humid monsoon, characterized by extended summers and brief winters. The complex terrain, topography, and altitude variations have allowed the county to preserve a wealth of medicinal plant resources, which support the Shui people and their medicinal practices [21]. Preliminary botanical surveys indicate that there are 736 species of angiosperms in this area, and the main timber species include Cunninghamia lanceolata, Pinus massoniana, and Phoebe zhennan [22].
Fig. 1.
Sites for field surveys in Sandu County
The Shui people
In Sandu County, the Shui people account for 65.93% of the total population, and the remaining consists of Han, Buyi, Miao, and Yao sociolinguistic groups [23, 24]. The historical origins of the Shui ethnic group date back to the period before the Qin and Han dynasties. They were once part of the “Luo Yue” group, which itself belonged to the larger “Bai Yue” collective of ethnic groups inhabiting the ancient Lingnan region. Due to conflicts and wars, they migrated from the Yongjiang River watershed area, traversed Hechi and Nandan, and ultimately settled near the Guizhou and Guangxi border [25]. Over time, they gradually diverged from the “Luo Yue” group and established their own distinct ethnic identity.
The traditional culture of the Shui people still retains many elements of the ancient “Luo Yue” culture. For example, they inhabit elevated wooden structures known as Ganlan-style buildings [26]. These buildings have a dual-purpose design: the lower section serves as an area for livestock and storage of farming tools, while the upper portion is dedicated to human habitation.
The Shui language belongs to the Kam-Shui language grouping within the Sino-Tibetan language family [27, 28]. The Shui people possess their own written language, using the “Shui characters.” However, with just over 400 characters, it is a limited medium for exchanging ideas and is mainly employed for ritualistic purposes, such as worship ceremonies [29]. As a result of their long-standing interactions with the Han Chinese, nearly all Shui individuals are now proficient in both the Shui and Mandarin Chinese languages. Consequently, Mandarin has become the predominant written language in their everyday lives.
In the Sandu Shui Ethnic Autonomous County, generations of Shui people have thrived amidst the high mountains, dense forests, and warm climate. However, due to historical transportation challenges, modern medical resources are often scarce [10]. Through long-term struggles with illnesses, the Shui people have gained extensive experience in using local herbs, which they call “hama,” to prevent and treat various diseases. Within the Shui community, it is common for individuals to be familiar with several medicinal plants, leading to the accumulation of numerous medicinal prescriptions for disease prevention and treatment.
Field surveys
Ten field surveys were carried out from July 2015 to August 2022 (Fig. 2), which lasted for up to 3 months in total, using participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and semistructured interviews, participatory observations, and focal group discussions in the investigation sites [30–33]. The species, habitats, and varied uses of Shui medicinal plants were collected and documented. The field surveys were carried out in six townships, including Jiuqian, Pu’an, Zhouqin, Dujiang, Dahe, and Zhonghe. The field sites were identified after researchers observed and talked with suppliers in the open markets where medicinal plants were sold.
Fig. 2.
Field surveys conducted from 2015 to 2022
In the Shui region, most individuals have some familiarity with herbal medicine. However, only a select few individuals are recognized as dedicated Shui healers who exclusively practice this profession. The identified Shui healers were interviewed as key informants for this study. These key informants are renowned local healers with rich medical experience and effective treatment outcomes, serving as vital custodians and contributors to indigenous medicinal knowledge. In addition, other members of the Shui community, who possess only basic knowledge of herbal medicine and do not derive their livelihood from it, were regarded as additional informants. They contributed extensive ethnobotanical data to enrich the information gathered during this investigation.
A total of 15 Shui healers were interviewed as key informants, including 2 females and 13 males. Each of the Shui healers has practiced traditional medicine for more than 25 years. They have had rich medicinal experiences and positive clinical outcomes and are recognized in their communities as important custodians and practitioners in the knowledge of traditional medicine. Interviews with key informants included discussions regarding diseases, compatibility of medicinal materials, processing and treatment methods, taboos, and means of a succession of information. In this study, local Shui healers were followed during their collection of herbal medicines in the fields and recorded the names, medical uses, and parts of the medicinal plants used.
Snowball sampling was used to identify 132 other informants, 66 males and 66 females. The methods of semistructured interviews and guided field walks and focal group discussions were adopted to collect information. The questions included the name, gender, nationality, age, family address, contact information, and other information of the informants, as well as whether they knew and used medicinal plants and the diseases that can be treated effectively.
Fresh and dried plant materials identified during interviews were collected as voucher specimens and deposited in the herbarium at the Minzu University of China in Beijing, China, for future reference. The botanical identities of voucher specimens were confirmed by the authors and other botanists at the Minzu University of China. Plant names were cross-checked with Flora of China (http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/) and digital resources from the internet, including http://www.tropicos.org/ and http://www.worldfloraonline.org.
Data analysis
The data were cleaned and inputted into Microsoft Office Excel for statistical analysis. An ANOVA was used to compare the number of medicinal plants recognized by herbal doctors between age-groups and townships [34]. The relative frequency of citation (RFC) was used to evaluate the most common plant species used by local healers to treat various diseases, using the following formula:
where FC is the number of prescriptions mentioning the use of a plant species and N is the total number of prescriptions in this survey [35].
Results and discussion
Key and other informants
Information on a total of 15 local healers was collected through this study, which encompassed six townships. Healers started treating patients by setting up stalls at village fairs, inviting patients to their homes, and providing door-to-door medicinal services [36]. At the township level, Jiuqian township has five identified local healers, followed by Pu’an (3), Zhouqin (2), Dujiang (2), Dahe (2), and only one local healer in Zhonghe (Table 1). These local healers have little or no formal training or education. Their medicinal knowledge is mainly acquired through family inheritance, other healers, or self-study. The specialized Shui healers conduct their treatments in private clinics or township hospitals.
Table 1.
Profiles of local Shui healers
| Region | Records | Gender | Average age | Types of Shui doctors | Age of Shui doctors | Number of plants recognized | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | I | II | III | < 40 | 40–60 | > 60 | ||||
| Jiuqian Township | 5 | 5 | 44 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 213 | |
| Zhouqin Township | 2 | 2 | 64 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 242 | ||||
| Dujiang Township | 2 | 2 | 56 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 181 | |||
| Dahe Township | 2 | 2 | 53 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 205 | |||
| Zhonghe Township | 1 | 1 | 48 | 1 | 1 | 214 | |||||
| Pu’an Township | 3 | 2 | 1 | 60 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 215 | ||
| Total | 15 | 13 | 2 | 54 | 10 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 8 | 5 | |
| Number of plants recognized | 127 | 204 | 236 | ||||||||
I—learnt from parents; II—learnt by self; III—learnt from teacher or master
Like other ethnic minorities [37–39], Shui communities also face challenges brought by Western medicine to preserve traditional medicine. This is because of modernization and urbanization that have resulted in fewer young people wanting to learn and practice traditional medicine. Low salary is also a fundamental issue that deters younger generations from learning traditional ethnomedicinal knowledge. As a result, the healer demographics skew older, an average age of 54, with only two healers under 40 years old. Healers were grouped by age, and a significant difference in the number of plants recognized by herbal doctors in the three age-groups (F = 54.870, p = 0.002, ANOVA) was identified (Table 2). The results show that older Shui healers have accumulated a rich experience in medicinal plant collection, identification, and treatments. However, ANOVA of the relationships among the number of medicinal plant species recognized in each township, found there was no difference in this study. This suggests that the traditional healers from different townships have a similar knowledge base of medicinal plants, and patients would likely get comparable therapy no matter in what township they sought traditional treatment (F = 0.341, p = 0.566, ANOVA) (Table 3).
Table 2.
ANOVA of medicinal plants
| Model | Sum of squares | df | Mean square | F | Sig. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Regressiona | 8333.333 | 1 | 8333.333 | 54.870 | .002b |
| Residual | 607.500 | 4 | 151.875 | |||
| Total | 8940.833 | 5 | ||||
a. Dependent Variable: number of medicinal plants
b. Predictors: (Constant), age-group
Table 3.
ANOVA of number of medicinal plants in townships
| Model | Sum of squares | df | Mean square | F | Sig. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Regressiona | 4542.322 | 1 | 4542.322 | .341 | .566b |
| Residual | 239,717.878 | 18 | 13,317.660 | |||
| Total | 244,260.200 | 19 | ||||
a. Dependent Variable: number of plants
b. Predictors: (Constant), name of township
As for the gender structure of the healers, the Shui traditional healers included 13 male and 2 female healers. Most Shui traditional healers pass on their medical skills and knowledge to their sons, and in some cases, their nephews. This male progenitor transmission of traditional knowledge is a common form of inheritance throughout southwest China, such as Miao [40], Yao [41], and Dong [42]. However, this male progenitor system limits the pool of potential healers to only men directly related to the practitioner, and not others in the community, including women or unrelated individuals with an interest in health. Shui men traditionally collect plants, often in remote mountainous areas, and therefore learn more about the diverse medicinal flora of the region, whereas women are more likely to remain closer to home to attend domestic duties. This cultural norm further reinforces the male progenitor custom of healer selection.
Thus, to break this male progenitor system of medical knowledge inheritance, the Shui community is encouraged to collaborate with medical colleges and universities in Guizhou to establish a department of Shui ethnic medicine. This will enable a more diverse demographic of Shui people to receive systematic education and training.
As shown in Table 2, the F statistic is 54.870, and the sig value is 0.002 < 0.01, so there is a significant difference in the number of medicinal plants recognized by healers in the three age-groups.
As shown in Table 3, the degree of freedom is 1, the F value is 0.341, and the sig value is 0.566 > 0.01, so there is no significant difference in the number of medicinal plants recognized in each township.
A total of 132 informants from different demographic groups were interviewed on the therapeutic properties of medicinal plants throughout the six townships under study. As indicated in Table 4, informants were equally divided between females and males. They constituted five age-groups falling in the range of 18–92 years, with the majority being 20–79 years. Nine young people under the age of 20 were reluctant to use herbs, and only two thought herb use was “great,” 21 people between the ages of 20 and 39 were reluctant to use herbs, and six thought herb use was “great,” while more people in their 40 s and older think of using herbal medicine first when they get sick. Moreover, people over 60 are the most satisfied with the efficacy of herbal medicine.
Table 4.
Informant demographic data and ethnobotanical data
| Age-group | < 20 years of age | Total | Are the common diseases used first? | How have they worked? | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Township | Jiuqian | Dujiang | Zhonghe | Pu’an | Dahe | Zhouqin | 12 | Y | N | Bad | Good | Great | ||||||
| Gender | M | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | 3 | 9 | 4 | 6 | 2 | |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
| Age-group | 20–39 years of age | Total | Are the common diseases used first? | How have they worked? | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Township | Jiuqian | Dujiang | Zhonghe | Pu’an | Dahe | Zhouqin | 36 | Y | N | Bad | Good | Great | ||||||
| Gender | M | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | 15 | 21 | 5 | 25 | 6 | |
| 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |||||||
| Age-group | 40–59 years of age | Total | Are the common diseases used first? | How have they worked? | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Township | Jiuqian | Dujiang | Zhonghe | Pu’an | Dahe | Zhouqin | 36 | Y | N | Bad | Good | Great | ||||||
| Gender | M | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | 19 | 17 | 3 | 27 | 6 | |
| 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |||||||
| Age-group | 60–79 years of age | Total | Are the common diseases used first? | How have they worked? | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Township | Jiuqian | Dujiang | Zhonghe | Pu’an | Dahe | Zhouqin | 36 | Y | N | Bad | Good | Great | ||||||
| Gender | M | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | 27 | 9 | 3 | 24 | 9 | |
| 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |||||||
| Age-group | > 80 years of age | Total | Are the common diseases used first? | How have they worked? | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Township | Jiuqian | Dujiang | Zhonghe | Pu’an | Dahe | Zhouqin | 12 | Y | N | Bad | Good | Great | ||||||
| Gender | M | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | 11 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 6 | |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
The results presented in Table 4 suggest that the demographic variables of informants influence the traditional medicinal plant knowledge of use and efficacy. Data on age-groups clearly show that older people rely more on medicinal plants. Many older people have gained in-depth knowledge of traditional medicine not only from their ancestors, but from their own observations over many years of utilization. Nevertheless, the lack of knowledge among younger generations may be due to changing lifestyles and waning interest in traditional medicine. These changes indicate a high risk of losing such important cultural heritage, and ways to prevent this loss are urgently needed.
Diversity of medicinal plants within the study area
A total of 505 species in 405 genera and 156 families of medicinal plants were documented in the Shui communities (Table 5). Among these 505 species, 130 species were identified for the first time as having medicinal usage, which is indicated by an asterisk in Table 5. The results also provided information on each species, including scientific name, family, Chinese name, local name, distribution, part used, use and value, preparation method, and voucher specimen number (Table 5). Compared with ethnomedicinal documentation in other communities, such as Yao people in Gongcheng County [41], Li people in Wanning [43], Bulang people in Menghai County [44], Tujia and Miao people in Jianshi County [45], Dong people in Tongdao [46] and Yi people in Shilin [47], the Shui medicinal species are especially diverse (Fig. 3). Many of the Shui medicinal plants have the typical characteristics of subtropical species. For example, herbs are mostly annual, and shrubs have strong adaptability and fast growth.
Table 5.
Inventory of 505 medicinal plants used by Shui people in Sandu County
| Scientific name | Family | Shui name | Chinese name (pin yin) | Part used | Habit | Distribution | Use and value | Preparation method | Voucher number | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abutilon theophrasti Medicus | Malvaceae | Gan mei | Qing ma | Whole plant | Herb | Dahe; Sanhe | Heat-clearing and detoxifying; lactagogue; dysentery | Grinding, decoction; orally soup; pound fresh part applied on the affected area | SD-083 | |
| Acalypha australis L. | Euphorbiaceae | Ma guang peng | Tie xian cai | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Dysentery; antitussive | Orally soup; pound fresh part applied on the affected area | SD-212 | |
| Acalypha supera Forsskal | Euphorbiaceae | Ma gong bao | Ji yan cao | Whole plant | Herb | Puan; Shuilong | Dysentery | Orally soup; pound fresh part applied on the affected area | SD-203 | |
| Achillea millefolium L. | Asteraceae | Ma ka ba | Shi | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Bruises; relieving rheumatism and cold; remove coldness | Grinding, decoction | SD-231 | |
| Achyranthes aspera L. | Amaranthaceae | Ma du lve han | Liu ye niu xi | Root | Herb | Whole county | Bruises; the blood circulation hematischesis; heat-clearing and detoxifying | Grinding, decoction | SD-188 | |
| Achyranthes bidentata Bl. | Amaranthaceae | Ma du lei wu | Niu xi | Root | Herb | Whole county | Blood circulation | Grinding and drink with wine | SD-187 | |
| Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux | Ranunculaceae | Ma gu luo | Wu tou | Tuber | Herb | Whole county | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness | Grinding, decoction | SD-210 | |
| Acorus calamus L. | Acoraceae | Xing fu ga | Chang pu | Rhizome | Herb | Whole county | Harmonizing stomach; relieving rheumatism and cold | Grinding, decoction | SD-455 | |
| Acorus gramineus Soland | Acoraceae | Qian pu | Jin qian pu | Whole plant | Herb | Dahe; Sanhe; Dujiang | Heat-clearing and detoxifying; bruises | Grinding, decoction | SD-393 | * |
| Acorus tatarinowii Schott | Acoraceae | Xing fu ga | Shi chang pu | Rhizome | Herb | Whole county | Spleen strengthen; Promoting eruption and promoting spleen yang | Orally soup | SD-456 | |
| Actinidia chinensis Planch | Actinidiaceae | Yao nuan | Mi hou tao | Fruit; root | Shrub | Dujiang; Sanhe | Removing stasis; invigorates the spleen and promotes digestion | Decoction | SD-485 | |
| Actinidia rubricaulis Dunn | Actinidiaceae | Fang man di | Mao hua yang tao | Root; leaf | Shrub | Dujiang; Sanhe | Heat-clearing and detoxifying; gastric cancer | Grinding, decoction | SD-079 | |
| Adenophora petiolata subsp. hunanensis (Nannfeldt) D. Y. Hong & S. Ge | Campanulaceae | Ding dian hai | Xing ye sha shen | Root | Herb | Dujiang; Dahe | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Orally soup | SD-054 | |
| Adiantum capillus-veneris L. | Pteridaceae | Yao lan man | Tie xian jue | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness | Grinding, decoction | SD-478 | |
| Aeginetia indica L. | Orobanchaceae | Tu ling zhi cao | Ye gu | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang; Zhouqin | Inflammation | Decoction | SD-428 | * |
| Agrimonia pilosa Ldb. | Rosaceae | Ma ban bie | Long ya cao | Whole plant; root | Herb | Whole county | Dysentery; stop bleeding | Grinding, decoction | SD-166 | |
| Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle | Simaroubaceae | Ju hai | Chou chun | Bark; fruit | Tree | Whole county | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness; removing stasis | Medicated bath | SD-146 | |
| Ainsliaea fragrans Champ. | Asteraceae | Pa zheng | Xing xiang tu er feng | Whole plant | Herb | Jiuqian | Bruises; heat-clearing and detoxifying | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-385 | |
| Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz | Lardizabalaceae | Yao bing | Bai mu tong | Stem | Shrub | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness | Grinding, decoction | SD-465 | |
| Alangium chinense (Lour.) Harms | Cornaceae | Mei an | Ba jiao feng | Root; leaf; flower | Tree | Whole county | Expelling wind-damp; bruises | Grinding, decoction | SD-300 | |
| Albizia julibrissin Durazz. | Fabaceae | Mei ka | He huan | Bark | Tree | Whole county | Regulating qi; bruises | External application | SD-343 | |
| Aletris spicata (Thunb.) Franch | Nartheciaceae | Jin xian diao bai mi | Fen tiao er cai | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Dysentery; ascaris | Grinding, decoction | SD-144 | * |
| Aleuritopteris anceps (Blanford) Panigrahi | Pteridaceae | Jia fen bei jue | Fen bei jue | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang | Dysentery | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-139 | * |
| Aleuritopteris argentea (Gmél.) Fée | Adiantaceae | Tong jing cao | Yin fen bei jue | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang | The blood circulation hematischesis | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-424 | * |
| Allium macrostemon Bunge | Amaryllidaceae | Ye xie | Xie bai | Stem | Herb | Whole county | Dysentery | Grinding, decoction | SD-491 | * |
| Alpinia oblongifolia Hayata | Zingiberaceae | Xing di duan | Hua shan jiang | Whole plant; root | Herb | Dujiang; Dahe | Harmonizing stomach; eliminating cold stop pain | Grinding, decoction | SD-454 | |
| Amana edulis (Miq.) Honda | Liliaceae | Guang ci gu | Lao ya ban | Stem | Herb | Whole county | Moistening lung for arresting cough | Grinding, decoction | SD-113 | * |
| Amaranthus spinosus L. | Amaranthaceae | Ma gu ga dian | Ci xian | Whole plant; root | Herb | Whole county | Venomous snake bite; heat-clearing and detoxifying | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-209 | |
| Ampelopsis glandulosa (Wall.) Momiy. | Vitaceae | Yin hui | She pu tao | Rhizome | Fungi | Dujiang; Sanhe | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness; stop bleeding | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-492 | |
| Androsace umbellata (Lour.) Merr. | Primulaceae | Ma ge | Dian di mei | Whole plant; fruit | Herb | Whole county | Strong bones and muscles | Orally soup; pound fresh part applied on the affected area | SD-198 | |
| Anemone rivularis Buch.-Ham. | Ranunculaceae | Du ding | Cao yu mei | Whole plant; root | Herb | Shuilong; Zhouqin | Removing stasis | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-065 | |
| Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. | Apiaceae | Tian qi | E shen | Root | Herb | Whole county | Nourishing liver and kidney; tranquilization | Orally soup | SD-421 | * |
| Ardisia crispa (Thunb.) A. DC. | Primulaceae | Ba zhua long | Bai liang jin | Whole plant | Shrub | Dujiang | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-013 | * |
| Ardisia densilepidotula Merr. | Primulaceae | Ha mu lai | Mi lin zi jin niu | Root; leaf | Tree | Whole county | Expelling wind-damp | Grinding, decoction | SD-122 | |
| Ardisia japonica (Thunberg) Blume | Primulaceae | Za du | Zi jin niu | Stem; root | Shrub | Dujiang; Dahe | Hemostasis; bruises | Grinding, decoction | SD-498 | |
| Argentina lineata (Trevir.) Soják | Rosaceae | Ma jie ren man | Xi nan jue ma | Whole plant; root | Herb | Whole county | Gastroenteritis | Decoction | SD-229 | |
| Arisaema heterophyllum Blume | Araceae | Ma da wan | Tian nan xing | Tuber | Herb | Dujiang; Dahe | Relieving dryness and moistening; eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Pound fresh part applied on the affected area | SD-172 | |
| Aristolochia debilis Sieb. et Zucc. | Aristolochiaceae | Ha du | Ma dou ling | Fruit; stem; root | Fungi | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Moistening lung for suppressing cough | Orally soup | SD-116 | |
| Aristolochia tubiflora Dunn | Aristolochiaceae | Yao man long | Guan hua ma dou ling | Root; fruit | Herb | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Moistening lung for suppressing cough | Grinding, decoction | SD-483 | * |
| Artemisia argyi Lévl. et Van | Asteraceae | Wa ai | Ai | Leaf; fruit | Herb | Dahe; Sanhe | Tocolysis; regulating the menstrual function to stop pain | Medicated bath | SD-430 | |
| Arthraxon hispidus (Trin.) Makino | Poaceae | Lu zhu | Jin cao | Leaf; stem | Herb | Whole county | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-159 | * |
| Asarum forbesii Maxim. | Aristolochiaceae | Huai | Du heng | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Moistening lung for suppressing cough | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-133 | * |
| Asarum insigne Diels | Aristolochiaceae | Ma guang wa | Jin er huan | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Cough and expectorant, blood stasis and swelling | Grinding, external | SD-225 | |
| Asarum macranthum Hook. f. | Aristolochiaceae | Ma bu hui | Da hua xi xin | Root | Herb | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Relieving rheumatism and cold; eliminating cold stop pain | Grinding, decoction | SD-170 | |
| Asarum sieboldii Miq. | Aristolochiaceae | Ma guang wa | Han Cheng xi xin | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness | Grinding, decoction | SD-213 | |
| Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. | Asparagaceae | Ba bai zai | Tian men dong | Tuber | Herb | Whole county | Moistening lung for arresting cough | Boiled with meat and drunk the soup | SD-007 | |
| Aspidistra elatior Blume | Asparagaceae | Ya ga | Zhi zhu bao dan | Rhizome | Herb | Dujiang; Sanhe | Bruises; decreasing swelling to relieving pain | Decoction | SD-460 | |
| Asplenium pekinense Hance | Aspleniaceae | Da fei cao | Bei jing tie jiao jue | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-040 | * |
| Asplenium trichomanes L.Sp. | Aspleniaceae | Gang du gun | Tie jiao jue | Whole plant | Herb | Sanhe | Drainage of pus and dissolving carbuncle | Grinding, decoction | SD-089 | |
| Asplenium unilaterale Lam. | Aspleniaceae | Dan bian tie jiao jue | Ban bian tie jiao jue | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang | Infantile convulsion | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-045 | * |
| Aster indicus L. | Asteraceae | Ma da wan | Ma lan | Whole plant; root | Herb | Whole county | Heat-clearing and detoxifying; clearing heat; dehumidification | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-173 | |
| Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott | Amaranthaceae | Bai ni fan | Di fu | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Heat-clearing and detoxifying; clearing heat; dehumidification | Decoction | SD-016 | |
| Begonia grandis Dry. | Begoniaceae | Ba lao ling | Qiu hai tang | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Dysentery; stanch flooding | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-011 | |
| Belamcanda chinensis (L.) Redouté | Iridaceae | Ma you | She gan | Rhizome | Herb | Whole county | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Grinding, decoction | SD-287 | |
| Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. | Cucurbitaceae | Bai gua | Dong gua | Fruit; seed | Herb | Whole county | Inflammation | Boiled with meat and drunk the soup | SD-015 | * |
| Berberis sargentiana Schneid. | Berberidaceae | Mei du ma | Ci hei zhu | Rhizome | Shrub | Dujiang; Jiuqian; Puan | Relieving exterior syndrome; heat-clearing and detoxifying | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-321 | * |
| Berchemia lineata (L.) DC. | Rhamnaceae | Sheng du | Tie bao jin | Root; leaf | Fungi | Whole county | Moistening lung for arresting cough | Orally soup; pound fresh part applied on the affected area | SD-408 | |
| Bergenia purpurascens (Hook. f. et Thoms.) Engl. | Saxifragaceae | Ma ba ding | Yan bai cai | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Nourishing yin; strangury | Orally soup; pound fresh part applied on the affected area | SD-163 | |
| Bidens bipinnata L. | Asteraceae | Du ding | Po po zhen | Whole plant | Herb | Puan | Dysentery; gastroenteritis | Decoction | SD-066 | |
| Bistorta paleacea (Wall. ex Hook. f.) Yonekura et H. Ohashi | Polygonaceae | Gang zhan lu | Cao xue jie | Rhizome | Herb | Dahe; Puan | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Decoction | SD-102 | |
| Bletilla striata (Thunb. ex Murray) Rchb. f. | Orchidaceae | Gang jie ba | Bai ji | Bulbs | Herb | Whole county | Spleen strengthen | Grinding | SD-095 | |
| Boehmeria penduliflora Wedd. ex D.G. Long | Urticaceae | Mei ha na | Zhang ye zhu ma | branch; root | Shrub | Whole county | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness | Decoction | SD-338 | |
| Brandisia hancei Hook. f. | Orobanchaceae | Ma miao | Lai jiang teng | Whole plant | Shrub | Puan; Zhouqin | Dysentery; dispelling wind and eliminating dampness | Grinding, decoction | SD-252 | |
| Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Hér. ex Vent. | Moraceae | Mei ha | Gou | Fruit | Tree | Whole county | Tonifying kidney | Orally soup | SD-337 | |
| Burmannia coelestis D. Don | Burmanniaceae | Qiu nu jia | San pin yi zhi hua | Rhizome | Herb | Whole county | Promoting eruption and promoting spleen yang | Decoction | SD-398 | |
| Buxus sinica (Rehder & E. H. Wilson) M. Cheng | Buxaceae | Mei mao | Huang yang | Root; leaf | Shrub | Shuilong; Zhouqin | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Medicinal liquor; pound fresh part applied on the affected area | SD-350 | |
| Calanthe discolor Lindl. | Orchidaceae | Wa jiu qiu | Xia ji lan | Root | Herb | Whole county | Heat-clearing and detoxifying | Grinding, decoction | SD-433 | |
| Callerya dielsiana (Harms) P. K. Loc ex Z. Wei & Pedley | Fabaceae | Yao nai | Xiang hua ji xue teng | Root | Fungi | Dujiang; Zhouqin | Expelling wind-damp | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-484 | |
| Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. | Lamiaceae | Mei lou lu | Da ye zi zhu | Leaf; root | Tree | Whole county | Bruises; stop bleeding | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-347 | |
| Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz. | Cupressaceae | Nv mei ou | Cui bai | Fruit | Tree | Whole county | Expelling wind-damp | Grinding, decoction | SD-382 | |
| Calystegia hederacea Wall. | Convolvulaceae | Ma xiang han | Da wan hua | Whole plant; root | Herb | Whole county | Regulate the menstrual function to stop pain | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-278 | |
| Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Ktze. | Theaceae | Mei za | Cha | Leaf; root | Tree | Whole county | Cardiotonic | Decoction | SD-364 | |
| Campanumoea javanica Bl. | Campanulaceae | Nai shen | Jin qian bao | Root | Fungi | Whole county | Strengthen the spleen; harmonizing stomach | Boiled with meat and drunk the soup | SD-371 | * |
| Campsis grandiflora (Thunb.) Schum. | Bignoniaceae | Dou du gun | Ling xiao | Flower; rhizome | Fungi | Dujiang; Dahe | Fracture | Orally soup | SD-063 | |
| Campylotropis hirtella (Franch.) Schindl. | Fabaceae | Ma jie suo | Mao guang zi shao | Whole plant | Shrub | Dahe; Zhouqin | Removing stasis; regulate the menstrual function to stop pain | Grinding, decoction | SD-230 | |
| Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. | Brassicaceae | Ma ding jie | Ji | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Improving eyesight and removing nebula; anticancer | Boiled with meat and drunk the soup | SD-180 | |
| Caragana sinica (Buchoz) Rehd. | Fabaceae | Nv yue di | Jin ji er | Flower; root | Shrub | Dujiang; Sanhe | Moistening lung for arresting cough | Decoction | SD-384 | |
| Cardamine lyrata Bunge | Brassicaceae | A jiu ying | Shui tian sui mi ji | Leaf; stem | Herb | Whole county | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-001 | * |
| Cardiocrinum giganteum (Wall.) Makino | Liliaceae | Qiu an | Da bai he | Bulbs; flower; seed | Herb | Dujiang; Shuilong | Decreasing swelling to relieving pain; inducing diuresis for removing edema | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-396 | |
| Carpesium cernuum L. | Asteraceae | Yan dai cao | Yan guan tou cao | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Venomous snake bite | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-462 | * |
| Castanea mollissima Blume | Fagaceae | Dai | Li | Root | Tree | Whole county | Inducing diuresis for removing edema | Orally soup | SD-044 | |
| Castanopsis tibetana Hance | Fagaceae | Mei dai | Gou zhui | Fruit | Tree | Whole county | Gastroenteritis | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-312 | |
| Catalpa bungei C. A. Mey | Bignoniaceae | Wang mu | Qiu | Seed | Tree | Dahe; Sanhe | Drainage of pus and dissolving carbuncle | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-438 | * |
| Catalpa ovata G. Don. | Bignoniaceae | Mei duo na | Zi | Root; leaf; fruit | Tree | Dahe; Sanhe | Promoting blood circulation; promoting flow of qi and blood circulation | Grinding, decoction | SD-324 | |
| Causonis japonica (Thunb.) Raf. | Vitaceae | Yin ya lao | Wu lian mei | Whole plant; root | Fungi | Whole county | Expelling wind-damp | Grinding, decoction | SD-495 | |
| Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. | Celastraceae | Nan she feng | Nan she teng | Rhizome; leaf; fruit | Shrub | Dahe; Dujiang | Blood circulation | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-373 | * |
| Celosia argentea L. | Amaranthaceae | Gang gen gu | Qing xiang | Seed | Herb | Dahe; Sanhe | Improving eyesight and removing nebula | Decoction | SD-092 | |
| Celosia cristata L. | Amaranthaceae | Ma wu ga han | Ji guan hua | Flower | Herb | Dahe; Sanhe | Dysentery; hemorrhoids | Grinding, decoction | SD-275 | |
| Celtis sinensis Pers. | Cannabaceae | Mei xiu di | Po shu | Bark | Tree | Whole county | Heat-clearing and detoxifying; regulating the menstrual function to stop pain | Grinding, decoction | SD-361 | |
| Centella asiatica (L.) Urban | Apiaceae | Ma kui wa lao | Ji xue cao | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Removing stasis; inducing diuresis for removing edema | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-239 | |
| Centipeda minima (L.) A. Br. et Aschers. | Asteraceae | Ma jie gu | Shi hu sui | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Heat-clearing and detoxifying; relieving rheumatism and cold | Grinding and drink with wine | SD-227 | |
| Cephalotaxus fortunei Hooker | Taxaceae | Mei fan meng | San jian shan | Seed | Tree | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Moistening lung for arresting cough | Stir fry | SD-327 | |
| Cephalotaxus oliveri Mast. | Taxaceae | A li shan | Bi zi san jian shan | Leaf; seed | Shrub | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Analgesic and hemostasis | Decoction | SD-002 | * |
| Cerastium fontanum subsp. vulgare (Hartman) Greuter & Burdet | Caryophyllaceae | Xia ye quan juan er | Cu sheng quan juan er | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Heat-clearing and detoxifying | Grinding, decoction | SD-444 | * |
| Ceratophyllum demersum L. | Ceratophyllaceae | Xi cao | Jin yu zao | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Hemostasis; stanch flooding | Decoction | SD-442 | * |
| Cercis chinensis Bunge | Fabaceae | Zi zhu | Zi jing | Bark; root | Tree | Dahe; Sanhe | Blood circulation | Grinding, decoction | SD-505 | * |
| Chamaecrista leschenaultiana (Candolle) O. Degener | Fabaceae | Di you gan | Duan ye shan bian dou | Root; leaf; root | Herb | Whole county | Gastroenteritis; harmonizing stomach | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-053 | * |
| Cheniella glauca (Benth.) R. Clark & Mackinder | Fabaceae | Mei wa e | Fen ye shou guan teng | Root | Tree | Whole county | Strengthen waist and sinews | Medicinal liquor | SD-356 | * |
| Chenopodium album L. | Amaranthaceae | Ma mei feng | Li | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Dysentery; harmonizing stomach | Decoction | SD-248 | |
| Chloranthus holostegius (Hand.-Mazz.) C.Pei & San | Chloranthaceae | Cha ye lan | Quan yuan jin su lan | Whole plant | Herb | Dahe; Dujiang | Antibacterial insecticide | Grinding, decoction | SD-032 | * |
| Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Baker | Asparagaceae | Gang yan nuo | Diao lan | Whole plant; root | Herb | Whole county | Moistening lung for arresting cough | Decoction; decoction | SD-098 | |
| Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) B. L. Burtt & A. W. Hill | Anacardiaceae | Wu yan guo | Nan suan zao | Bark; fruit | Tree | Dujiang | Empyrosis | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-441 | * |
| Chrysanthemum indicum Linnaeus | Asteraceae | Ku yi | Ye ju | Flower | Herb | Whole county | Improving eyesight and removing nebula | Grinding, decoction | SD-148 | * |
| Cibotium barometz (L.) J. Sm. | Cibotiaceae | Yao ge man | Jin mao gou | Rhizome | Herb | Whole county | Nourishing liver and kidney; heat-clearing and detoxifying | Grinding, decoction | SD-473 | |
| Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl. | Lauraceae | Mei ge lun | Zhang | Branch; root | Tree | Whole county | Centipede bites | Decoction | SD-335 | |
| Cinnamomum cassia Presl. | Lauraceae | Yu gui | Rou gui | Stem | Tree | Dahe; Dujiang; Jiuqian | Harmonizing stomach | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-497 | * |
| Cinnamomum parthenoxylon (Jack) Meisner | Lauraceae | Mei dong | Huang zhang | Root | Tree | Whole county | Relaxing tendon and activation collaterals; remove coldness | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-319 | |
| Cinnamomum wilsonii Gamble | Lauraceae | Mei gei di | Chuan gui | Bark | Tree | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Relieving rheumatism and cold | Grinding, decoction | SD-336 | |
| Cirsium eriophoroides (Hook. f.) Petrak | Asteraceae | Ma zai lao | Mian tou ji | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Removing stasis; hemostasis | Orally soup | SD-292 | |
| Citrus reticulata Blanco | Rutaceae | Ju | Gan ju | Fruit | Tree | Whole county | Blood circulation | Decoction | SD-145 | * |
| Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Xue Cheng | Rutaceae | Liu cheng | Tian cheng | Fruit | Tree | Whole county | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Decoction | SD-156 | * |
| Clematis armandii Franch. | Ranunculaceae | Yao lei | Xiao mu tong | Stem | Fungi | Whole county | Inducing diuresis for removing edema; apocenosis | Grinding, decoction | SD-480 | |
| Clematis chinensis Osbeck | Ranunculaceae | Yao ji zu | Wei ling xian | Root | Fungi | Whole county | Expelling wind-damp | Grinding, decoction | SD-477 | |
| Clerodendrum bungei Steud. | Lamiaceae | Ma kun han | Chou mu dan | Stem; leaf; root | Shrub | Whole county | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness | Grinding, decoction | SD-240 | |
| Clinopodium chinense (Benth.) O. Ktze. | Lamiaceae | Feng lun cai | Feng lun cao | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Promoting eruption and promoting spleen yang | Grinding, decoction | SD-080 | * |
| Clinopodium polycephalum (Vaniot) C. Y. Wu et Hsuan ex P. S. Hsu | Lamiaceae | Ma ya ji | Deng long cao | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Clearing heat; anti-febrile; dehumidification | Grinding, decoction | SD-284 | |
| Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC. | Menispermaceae | Yao ga lu | Mu fang ji | Root | Fungi | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Relieving rheumatism and cold; swelling and pain in throat | Orally soup; pound fresh part applied on the affected area | SD-471 | |
| Coix lacryma-jobi L. | Hypericaceae | Ao bei | Yi yi | Seed | Herb | Whole county | Invigorating the spleen and promotes digestion | Orally soup | SD-005 | |
| Commelina communis L. | Commelinaceae | Ma wa fan | Ya zhi cao | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Heat-clearing and detoxifying | A suitable amount used externally | SD-268 | |
| Coniogramme japonica (Thunb.) Diels | Pteridaceae | Ma guai | Feng liao jue | Whole plant | Herb | Dahe | Inducing diuresis for removing edema | Medicinal liquor; orally soup | SD-211 | |
| Coriandrum sativum L. | Apiaceae | Ma lao | Yan sui | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Indigestion | Grinding, decoction | SD-241 | |
| Coriaria nepalensis Wall. | Coriariaceae | Mei shai | Ma sang | Leaf | Tree | Whole county | Empyrosis | Medicated bath | SD-353 | |
| Crataegus cuneata Sieb. et Zucc. | Rosaceae | Jie nu | Ye shan zha | Fruit | Tree | Puan | Appetizing digestion | Decoction | SD-142 | |
| Crepidiastrum denticulatum (Houttuyn) Pak & KawanoStebb. ssp. pubescens Stenbb. | Asteraceae | Ma ling gan | Huang gua cai | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Clearing and activating the channels and collaterals | Decoction | SD-244 | |
| Crotalaria albida Heyne ex Roth | Fabaceae | Gang ding gui | Xiang ling dou | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Heat-clearing and detoxifying; inducing diuresis for removing edema | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-087 | |
| Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex L.f.) D. Don | Cupressaceae | Za wa lao | Ri ben Liu shan | Bark | Tree | Whole county | Dermatosis | Medicated bath | SD-499 | |
| Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook. | Cupressaceae | Mei ao | Shan mu | Bark; root; leaf | Tree | Whole county | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness | Grinding, decoction | SD-301 | |
| Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. | Hypoxidaceae | Gang yu | Xian mao | Rhizome | Herb | Whole county | Nourishing liver and kidney | Grinding and drink with wine | SD-100 | |
| Curcuma longa L. | Zingiberaceae | Xing ma | Jiang huang | Rhizome | Herb | Dahe; Jiuqian; Sanhe | Dehumidification; regulating the menstrual function to stop pain | Decoction | SD-458 | |
| Cycas revoluta Thunb. | Cycadaceae | Tie shu | Su tie | Root; leaf; seed | Tree | Dahe; Dujiang | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Decoction | SD-423 | * |
| Cyperus rotundus L. | Cyperaceae | Gang yu long | Xiang fu zi | Rhizome | Herb | Dahe; Sanhe | Regulating the menstrual function to stop pain | Medicated bath | SD-101 | |
| Cyrtomium fortunei J. Sm. | Dryopteridaceae | Mian ma lin mao jue | Guan zhong | Rhizome | Herb | Whole county | Killing parasites to relieve itching | Medicinal liquor | SD-367 | * |
| Dalbergia hancei Benth. | Fabaceae | Duo bi lao | Teng huang tan | Stem; root | Fungi | Dujiang; Dahe | Strong bones and muscles; regulate the menstrual function to stop pain | Grinding, decoction | SD-069 | |
| Daphne odora Thunb. | Thymelaeaceae | Xue dong hua | Rui xiang | Whole plant | Shrub | Jiuqian; Zhouqin | Strong bones and muscles; fracture | Grinding, decoction | SD-459 | * |
| Daphniphyllum macropodum Miq. | Daphniphyllaceae | Hua mei zhu | Jiao rang mu | Leaf; seed | Tree | Dahe; Dujiang; Sanhe | Drainage of pus and dissolving carbuncle; promoting eruption | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-132 | * |
| Datura stramonium L. | Solanaceae | Mei deng bo luo | Man tuo luo | Flower; seed; leaf | Herb | Whole county | Antitussive; dispelling wind and eliminating dampness | Grinding, decoction | SD-314 | |
| Davallia trichomanoides Blume. | Davalliaceae | Man jiao ni | Gu cui bu | Rhizome | Herb | Whole county | Strong bones and muscles | Orally soup; medicinal liquor | SD-296 | |
| Dendrobium moniliforme (L.) Sw. | Orchidaceae | Gang bing | Xi jing shi hu | Stem | Herb | Dujiang; Sanhe | Health and thirst | Grinding, decoction | SD-085 | |
| Dichondra micrantha Urban | Convolvulaceae | Ma kui dian | Ma ti jin | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Dehumidification | Orally soup | SD-237 | |
| Dicranopteris pedata (Houttuyn) Nakaike | Gleicheniaceae | Mang qi | Mang qi | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Inducing diuresis for removing edema | Grinding, decoction | SD-297 | * |
| Dioscorea cirrhosa Lour. | Dioscoreaceae | Man di | Shu liang | Tuber | Fungi | Dujiang; Dahe; Jiuqian | Hemoptysis; bleeding from five sense organs or subcutaneous tissue | Decoction | SD-293 | |
| Dioscorea melanophyma Prain et Burkill | Dioscoreaceae | Ni dou | Hei zhu ya shu liang | Tuber | Fungi | Dujiang; Dahe | Stanch flooding | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-375 | |
| Dioscorea polystachya Turczaninow | Dioscoreaceae | Man di | Shu yu | Tuber | Fungi | Whole county | Spleen and stomach strengthen | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-294 | |
| Diospyros kaki Thunb. | Ebenaceae | Shi | Shi | Fruit | Tree | Whole county | Clear liver fire; blood cooling and arresting | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-409 | |
| Diphasiastrum complanatum (L.) Holub | Lycopodiaceae | Yao man hai | Bian zhi shi song | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang | Dehumidification | Grinding, decoction | SD-481 | * |
| Dipsacus asper Wallich ex Candolle | Caprifoliaceae | Ma zai | Chuan xu duan | Root | Herb | Whole county | Strengthening bones and muscles; nourishing liver and kidney | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-290 | |
| Disporum cantoniense (Lour.) Merr. | Colchicaceae | Ma heng bo | Wan shou zhu | Rhizome | Herb | Dahe; Sanhe | Moistening lung for arresting cough | Grinding, decoction | SD-217 | |
| Draba nemorosa L. | Brassicaceae | Ma xiang lan | Ting li | Seed | Herb | Puan; Sanhe | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Decoction | SD-279 | |
| Drosera peltata Smith | Droseraceae | Ma mi da | Mao gao cai | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Bruises | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-251 | |
| Drynaria propinqua (Wall. ex Mett.) J. Sm. ex Bedd. | Polypodiaceae | Jin lin hu jue | Shi lian jiang hu jue | Rhizome | Herb | Lalan | Bruises | Medicinal liquor | SD-143 | * |
| Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke | Rosaceae | She pao cao | She mei | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Heat-clearing and detoxifying | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-407 | * |
| Duhaldea cappa (Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don) Pruski & Anderberg | Asteraceae | Ma pang da | Yang er ju | Whole plant; root | Shrub | Whole county | Regulating the menstrual function to stop pain; eliminating cold stop pain | Grinding, decoction | SD-262 | |
| Dysosma versipellis (Hance) M. Cheng ex Ying | Berberidaceae | Mei wa ban | Ba jiao lian | Rhizome | Herb | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Medicinal liquor | SD-355 | |
| Dysphania ambrosioides (Linnaeus) Mosyakin & Clemants | Amaranthaceae | Ma nian | Tu jing jie | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Appetizing digestion | Orally soup | SD-257 | |
| Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. | Asteraceae | Ma han xia | Li chang | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Strengthening bones and muscles | Grinding, decoction | SD-215 | |
| Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. | Elaeagnaceae | Mei du | Hu tui zi | Fruit; root; leaf | Shrub | Dujiang; Sanhe | Antitussive; eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Medicinal liquor | SD-320 | |
| Elatostema umbellatum (Siebold & Zucc.) Blume | Urticaceae | Ma ai na | Shang tian ti | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Clearing heat; dehumidification | Medicinal liquor | SD-160 | |
| Elephantopus scaber L. | Asteraceae | Ma za niang | Di dan cao | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Detumescence; relieving rheumatism and cold | Decoction | SD-289 | |
| Eleutherococcus nodiflorus (Dunn) S. Y. Hu | Araliaceae | Ma gou pa | Wu jia | Root; leaf | Shrub | Dujiang; Sanhe | Strengthening bones and muscles | Grinding and drink with wine | SD-207 | |
| Eleutherococcus senticosus (Ruprecht & Maximowicz) Maximowicz | Araliaceae | Ma gou e wa | Ci wu jia | Root | Shrub | Dujiang; Jiuqian; Zhouqin | Expelling wind-damp; Strong bones and muscles | Medicinal liquor | SD-204 | |
| Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyland. | Lamiaceae | Xiao xiang ru | Xiang ru | Whole plant | Herb | Jiuqian; Zhouqin | Gastroenteritis; harmonizing stomach | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-452 | * |
| Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. | Asteraceae | Ma dian | Yi dian hong | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Heat-clearing and detoxifying; removing pathogenic heat from the blood and toxic material from the body | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-176 | |
| Epimedium brevicornu Maxim. | Berberidaceae | Yao wa jiu | Yin yang huo | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang; Shuilong | Strong bones and muscles; manage qi and activating blood | Grinding, decoction | SD-487 | |
| Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl. | Araceae | Qi lin wei | Qi lin ye | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang; Shuilong; Zhouqin | Detumescence and promoting granulation | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-392 | * |
| Equisetum arvense L. | Equisetaceae | Suo ma di | Wen jing | Stem | Herb | Whole county | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Orally soup | SD-420 | |
| Equisetum hyemale L. | Equisetaceae | Suo ma | Mu zei | Stem | Herb | Whole county | Bloody flux | Grinding, decoction | SD-418 | |
| Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. | Equisetaceae | Suo ma | Jie jie cao | Stem | Herb | Whole county | Improving eyesight and removing nebula | Decoction | SD-419 | |
| Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand.-Mazz. | Asteraceae | Ma duo wan | Duan ting fei peng | Whole plant | Herb | Jiuqian; Puan; Zhouqin | Blood circulation | Grinding, decoction | SD-191 | |
| Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. | Rosaceae | Xi mei xia | Pi pa | Leaf; root | Tree | Whole county | Antitussive; relieving dryness and moistening | Orally soup | SD-443 | |
| Eriocaulon buergerianum Koern. | Eriocaulaceae | Wa er duo cao | Gu jing cao | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang; Sanhe | Improving eyesight and removing nebula | Grinding, decoction | SD-432 | * |
| Eucalyptus robusta Smith | Myrtaceae | Mei gang an | An | Leaf | Tree | Whole county | Expelling wind-damp; enteritis | Grinding, decoction | SD-332 | |
| Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. | Eucommiaceae | Mei bi du | Du zhong | Bark; leaf | Tree | Dujiang; Jiuqian; Dahe | Clearing liver to add yin; nourishing liver and kidney | Medicinal liquor | SD-306 | |
| Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb. | Celastraceae | Mei ga | Wei mao | Bark | Shrub | Whole county | Inducing diuresis for removing edema | Grinding, decoction | SD-329 | |
| Euphorbia lathyris L. | Euphorbiaceae | Ma bai ni | Xu sui zi | Seed | Herb | Whole county | Dysentery | Grinding, decoction | SD-165 | |
| Euphorbia sikkimensis Boiss. | Euphorbiaceae | Ma wa liu | Huang bao da ji | Root; leaf | Herb | Dujiang; Dahe | Dysentery; drainage of pus and dissolving carbuncle | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-271 | |
| Euscaphis japonica (Thunb.) Dippel | Staphyleaceae | Mei da jie | Ye ya chun | Root; fruit | Tree | Dujiang | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness | Grinding, decoction | SD-311 | |
| Ficus carica L. | Moraceae | Deng po | Wu hua guo | Flower; root; leaf | Shrub | Whole county | Relieving dryness and moistening; moisten the dry digestive apparatus | Decoction | SD-047 | |
| Ficus microcarpa L. f | Moraceae | Bi ba ga | Rong shu | Bark | Tree | Whole county | Heat-clearing and detoxifying | Decoction | SD-025 | |
| Ficus pandurata Hance | Moraceae | Cha ye niu nai zi | Qin ye rong | Root | Shrub | Dujiang; Sanhe | Relaxing tendon and activation collaterals | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-033 | * |
| Ficus pumila L. | Moraceae | Weng ba | Bi li | Rhizome; leaf; fruit | Shrub | Whole county | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness | Medicinal liquor | SD-440 | |
| Ficus simplicissima Lour. | Moraceae | Mei ding man | Ji jian rong | Root | Shrub | Dujiang; Sanhe | Expelling wind-damp; Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness | Decoction | SD-318 | |
| Ficus tikoua Bur. | Moraceae | Wa yao hong | Di guo | Root; leaf | Fungi | Whole county | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness | Grinding, decoction | SD-434 | |
| Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | Apiaceae | Ma ding ma | Hui xiang | Fruit | Herb | Whole county | Appetizing digestion | Medicinal liquor | SD-181 | |
| Fraxinus chinensis Roxb | Oleaceae | Mei bei na | Bai la shu | Bark | Tree | Whole county | Regulate the menstrual function to stop pain | Grinding, decoction | SD-305 | * |
| Ganoderma sinense Zhao, Xu et Zhang | Polyporaceae | Zi ling zhi | Zi zhi | Herb | Herb | Whole county | Nourishing liver and kidney; relieve uneasiness of mind and body tranquilization | Decoction | SD-504 | * |
| Garcinia multiflora Champ. ex Benth. | Hypericaceae | Shan ju zi | Mu zhu zi | Root; fruit; bark | Tree | Dujiang | Detumescence | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-405 | * |
| Gardenia jasminoides Ellis | Rubiaceae | Mei le | Zhi zi | Fruit | Shrub | Whole county | Blood cooling and arresting; heat-clearing and detoxifying | Decoction | SD-345 | |
| Gastrodia elata Bl. | Orchidaceae | Ya na | Tian ma | Tuber | Herb | Dujiang; Dahe | Regulating the menstrual function to stop pain; clearing and activating the channels and collaterals | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-461 | |
| Gaultheria leucocarpa Bl. | Ericaceae | Shai nuo | Bai guo bai zhu | Stem; leaf; root | Shrub | Dujiang; Dahe | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness | Grinding, decoction | SD-401 | |
| Gentiana scabra Bunge | Gentianaceae | Gang duo ga | Long dan | Root | Herb | Dujiang; Jiuqian; Zhouqin | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough; remove coldness | Grinding, decoction | SD-090 | |
| Geranium wilfordii Maxim. | Geraniaceae | Ma xian gong | Lao guan cao | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Strong bones and muscles; relaxing tendon and activation collaterals | Orally soup | SD-277 | |
| Gerbera piloselloides (L.) Cass. | Asteraceae | Ba hao | Tu er yi zhi jian | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough; moistening lung for arresting cough | Decoction | SD-010 | |
| Geum japonicum Thunb. | Rosaceae | Ma kang | Ri ben lu bian qing | Whole plant | Shrub | Whole county | Decreasing swelling to relieving pain | Decoction | SD-235 | |
| Ginkgo biloba L. | Ginkgoaceae | Mei ding a | Yin xing | Seed | Tree | Dujiang; Sanhe; Shuilong | Tonifying kidney; nourishing yang | Grinding, decoction | SD-315 | |
| Glandularia tenera (Spreng.) Cabrera | Verbenaceae | Yan wei cao | Xi ye mei nv ying | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Blood circulation | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-463 | * |
| Glechoma longituba (Nakai) Kupr. | Lamiaceae | Ji hong lao | Huo xue dan | Whole plant; root | Herb | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Regulate the menstrual function to stop pain | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-137 | |
| Gleditsia sinensis Lam. | Fabaceae | Mei zao jiao | Zao jia | Fruit; root | Tree | Dujiang; Sanhe | Removing stasis | Decoction | SD-365 | |
| Glochidion puberum (L.) Hutch. | Phyllanthaceae | Mei nv ban | Suan pan zi | Fruit | Shrub | Dujiang; Dahe | Antidiarrheic | Decoction | SD-352 | |
| Glycine soja Siebold & Zucc. | Fabaceae | Lu dou | Ye da dou | Seed | Herb | Dahe; Dujiang | Inducing diuresis for removing edema | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-157 | * |
| Goniophlebium niponicum (Mett.) Yea C.Liu, W.L.Chiou & M.Kato | Polypodiaceae | La ga xiang | Ri ben shuilong gu | Rhizome | Herb | Dujiang | Bruises | Grinding, decoction | SD-151 | |
| Gonocarpus micranthus Thunberg | Haloragaceae | Chuan ban cao | Xiao er xian cao | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Venomous snake bite, relieve swelling and pain | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-036 | * |
| Gonostegia hirta (Bl.) Miq. | Urticaceae | Ma ao xing | Nuo mi tuan | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Heat-clearing and detoxifying; clearing heat; dehumidification | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-162 | |
| Goodyera prainii Hook. f. | Orchidaceae | Wa dong gai | Chui ye ban ye lan | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang; Shuilong | Enuresis | Grinding, decoction | SD-431 | |
| Goodyera schlechtendaliana Rchb. f. | Orchidaceae | Ma bao dong | Ban ye lan | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang; Sanhe | Heat-clearing and detoxifying; regulate qi | Grinding, decoction | SD-167 | |
| Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino | Cucurbitaceae | Yao gai xiu | Jiao gu lan | Whole plant; root | Herb | Dahe; Shuilong | Heat-clearing and detoxifying | Orally soup | SD-472 | |
| Hedera nepalensis K. Koch | Araliaceae | Ma lian man | Ni bo er chang chun teng | Stem; leaf | Shrub | Dujiang; Sanhe | Removing pathogenic heat from the blood and toxic material from the body; dispelling wind and eliminating dampness | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-243 | |
| Hedychium flavum Roxb. | Zingiberaceae | Jiang hua | Huang jianghua | Rhizome | Herb | Whole county | Cough | Decoction | SD-121 | |
| Hedyotis chrysotricha (Palib.) Merr. | Rubiaceae | Shang kou cao | Jin mao er cao | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Ascaris | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-406 | * |
| Hemiboea subcapitata Clarke | Gesneriaceae | Ha gan dang | Ban she ju tai | Whole plant | Herb | Dahe; Shuilong | Venomous snake bite | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-118 | |
| Hemsleya sphaerocarpa Kuang et A. M. Lu | Cucurbitaceae | Bai wei lian | She lian | Root | Fungi | Dahe; Dujiang | Heat-clearing and detoxifying; eliminating dampness | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-018 | * |
| Heptapleurum delavayi Franch. | Araliaceae | Mei ding an | Sui xu e zhang chai | Rhizome; leaf | Tree | Jiuqian; Zhouqin | Bruises | Decoction | SD-317 | |
| Heptapleurum heptaphyllum (L.) Y. F. Deng | Araliaceae | Mei ding ai | E zhang chai | Root; bark; leaf | Shrub | Jiuqian; Zhouqin | Promoting blood flow and tendon relaxation; relaxing tendon and activation collaterals | Grinding, decoction | SD-316 | |
| Hibiscus mutabilis L. | Malvaceae | Dou ban lan | Mu fu rong | Flower; root; leaf | Shrub | Whole county | Inducing diuresis for removing edema; detumescence | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-062 | |
| Hibiscus syriacus L. | Malvaceae | Dou ban di | Mu jin | Stem; root; leaf; flower; fruit | Shrub | Sanhe; Zhouqin | Removing pathogenic heat from the blood and toxic material from the body | Grinding, decoction | SD-061 | |
| Houpoea officinalis (Rehder & E. H. Wilson) N. H. Xia & C. Y. Wu | Magnoliaceae | Hou pi | Hou pu | Bark; flower; fruit | Tree | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Decoction | SD-131 | * |
| Houttuynia cordata Thunb. | Saururaceae | Ma fan | Ji cai | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Invigorating the spleen and promotes digestion; appetizing digestion | Boiled with meat and drunk the soup | SD-192 | |
| Hovenia acerba Lindl. | Rhamnaceae | Wan shou guo | Zhui ju | Bark; fruit | Tree | Dahe; Dujiang | Expelling wind-damp | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-436 | * |
| Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr. | Cannabaceae | Ma ga pa | Lv cao | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Heat-clearing and detoxifying | Grinding, decoction | SD-194 | |
| Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. | Hydrangeaceae | Kun ga xiu | Xiu qiu | Root; leaf; flower | Shrub | Whole county | Antimalaria | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-150 | |
| Hylodesmum podocarpum subsp. oxyphyllum (Candolle) H. Ohashi & R. R. Mill | Fabaceae | Duo xiu ga | Jian ye chang bing shan ma huang | Root | Shrub | Whole county | Preventing further attack of malaria | Grinding, decoction | SD-073 | |
| Hypericum japonicum Thunb. ex Murray | Hypericaceae | Ma ka di | Di er cao | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Hepatitis | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-233 | |
| Hypericum monogynum L. | Hypericaceae | Ma wa pai xiu | Jin si tao | Whole plant | Tree | Whole county | Heat-clearing and detoxifying; expelling wind-damp | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-273 | |
| Hypericum sampsonii Hance | Hypericaceae | Ma suan long | Yuan bao cao | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Bruises | Decoction | SD-264 | |
| Impatiens balsamina L. | Balsaminaceae | Ling ma xian | Feng xian hua | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Promoting blood circulation; blood circulation | Decoction | SD-155 | |
| Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. | Poaceae | Gang yao man | Bai mao | Root; leaf; flower | Herb | Whole county | Removing pathogenic heat from the blood and toxic material from the body | Decoction | SD-099 | |
| Isatis tinctoria Linnaeus | Brassicaceae | Cha lan | Song lan | Root; leaf | Herb | Whole county | Heat-clearing and detoxifying | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-031 | * |
| Isodon amethystoides (Bentham) H. Hara | Lamiaceae | Ha ke | Xiang cha cai | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Clearing heat and dampness, promoting blood circulation and dispersing blood stasis, detoxification and swelling | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-051 | |
| Juglans regia L. | Juglandaceae | Gei tao | Hu tao | Seed | Tree | Whole county | Tonifying kidney | Grinding, decoction | SD-110 | |
| Juniperus chinensis L. | Cupressaceae | Nv mei an | Yuan bai | Branch | Tree | Whole county | The blood circulation hematischesis | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-381 | |
| Justicia procumbens Linnaeus | Acanthaceae | Ma ding | Jue chuang | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Promoting blood flow and tendon relaxation; back injured; waist and sinews strengthen | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-178 | |
| Kalopanax septemlobus (Thunb.) Koidz. | Araliaceae | Mei chang jian | Ci qiu | Bark | Tree | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-309 | |
| Koenigia lichiangensis (W. W. Sm.) T. M. Schust. & Reveal | Polygonaceae | Xiang guo | Li jiang liao | Rhizome | Herb | Whole county | Blood circulation | Decoction | SD-448 | |
| Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. | Cyperaceae | Gang dong ye | Duan ye shui wu gong | Whole plant; root | Herb | Whole county | Inducing diuresis for removing edema | Decoction | SD-088 | * |
| Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet | Fabaceae | Yao duo man | Bian dou | Whole plant | Fungi | Whole county | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness | Medicated bath | SD-469 | |
| Leibnitzia anandria (Linnaeus) Turczaninow | Asteraceae | Ba di | Da ding cao | Whole plant; root | Herb | Whole county | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness; expelling wind-damp | Decoction | SD-008 | |
| Leonurus japonicus Houttuyn | Lamiaceae | Ma ka bo | Yi mu cao | Whole plant; seed | Herb | Whole county | Regulate the menstrual function to stop pain | Grinding and drink with wine | SD-232 | |
| Lepisorus angustus Ching. | Polypodiaceae | Jie ge ling | Xia ye wa wei | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang; Shuilong | Heat-clearing and detoxifying | Decoction | SD-141 | |
| Lepisorus bicolor Ching. | Polypodiaceae | Pian ji wei | Er se wa wei | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Gastroenteritis; harmonizing stomach | Grinding, decoction | SD-389 | * |
| Lepisorus thunbergianus (Kaulf.) Ching. | Polypodiaceae | Gang duo ren | Wa wei | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Infantile convulsion | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-091 | |
| Leptodesmia microphylla (Thunb.) H. Ohashi & K. Ohashi | Fabaceae | Sui mi chai | Xiao ye xi ma huang | Whole; root | Herb | Sanhe; Zhouqin | Moistening lung for arresting cough; anti-asthmatic | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-416 | * |
| Lespedeza tomentosa (Thunb.) Sieb | Fabaceae | Ga nai han | Rong mao hu zhi zi | Root | Shrub | Puan; Shuilong | Replenishing deficiency and replenishing qi | Boiled with meat and drunk the soup | SD-082 | |
| Libanotis seseloides (Fisch. et Mey.) Turcz. | Apiaceae | Fa guo xiang cai | Xiang qin | Whole plant; fruit | Herb | Whole county | Decreasing blood pressure | Boiled with meat and drunk the soup | SD-075 | * |
| Ligusticum sinense 'Chuanxiong' | Apiaceae | Ma hong di | Chuan xiong | Root; leaf | Herb | Whole county | Detumescence and promoting granulation; drainage of pus and dissolving carbuncle | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-221 | |
| Ligustrum japonicum Thunb. | Oleaceae | Mei ga | Ri ben nv zhen | Leaf | Shrub | Whole county | Heat-clearing and detoxifying | Boil | SD-330 | * |
| Lilium brownii F. E. Brown ex Miellez | Liliaceae | Qiu ba | Ye bai he | Bulbs | Herb | Dahe; Puan | Moistening lung for arresting cough | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-397 | |
| Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. Muell | Linderniaceae | Ma wa gao | Mu cao | Whole plant | Herb | Puan; Zhouqin | Regulate the menstrual function to stop pain; manage qi and activating blood | Decoction | SD-269 | |
| Liquidambar formosana Hance | Altingiaceae | Mei fu | Feng xiang shu | Root; leaf; fruit | Tree | Whole county | Stanch flooding | Medicinal liquor | SD-328 | |
| Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc. | Boraginaceae | Ma hou | Zi cao | Root | Herb | Jiuqian; Zhouqin | Invigorating blood circulation and stopping pains | Grinding, decoction | SD-223 | |
| Lobelia chinensis Lour. | Campanulaceae | Mao ao fang | Ban bian lian | Whole plant | Herb | Jiuqian; Zhouqin | Venomous snake bite | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-298 | |
| Lobelia davidii Franch. | Campanulaceae | Da zhong ban bian lian | Jiang nan shan geng cai | Root | Tree | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Inducing diuresis for removing edema | Grinding, decoction | SD-043 | * |
| Lobelia nummularia Lam. | Campanulaceae | Ge zhu | Tong chui yu dai cao | Whole plant | Herb | Jiuqian; Zhouqin | Heat-clearing and detoxifying; bruises | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-108 | |
| Lonicera japonica Thunb. | Caprifoliaceae | Yao hua nian | Ren dong | Flower; vine | Shrub | Whole county | Heat-clearing and detoxifying | Grinding, decoction | SD-475 | |
| Lophatherum gracile Brongn. | Poaceae | Tu wa fen | Dan zhu ye | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Removing pathogenic heat from the blood and toxic material from the body | Grinding, decoction | SD-429 | |
| Loropetalum chinense Oliv. var. rubrum Yieh | Hamamelidaceae | Lu mei fei | Ji mu | Flower; rhizome | Shrub | Dujiang; Zhouqin | Hemostasis | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-158 | |
| Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara | Onagraceae | Guo tang she | Shuilong | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Heat-clearing and detoxifying | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-114 | * |
| Ludwigia prostrata Roxb. | Onagraceae | Shui huang ma | Ding xiang liao | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Decoction | SD-414 | * |
| Lycium barbarum L. | Solanaceae | Ma na | Ning xia gou qi | Fruit; root | Shrub | Whole county | Nourishing liver and kidney | Medicinal liquor | SD-255 | * |
| Lycopodium japonicum Thunb. ex Murray | Lycopodiaceae | Yao man jie | Shi song | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang | Inducing diuresis for removing edema | Decoction | SD-482 | |
| Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. | Lygodiaceae | Mao nu ga | Hai jin sha | Rhizome | Fungi | Whole county | Inducing diuresis for removing edema | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-299 | |
| Lysimachia clethroides Duby | Primulaceae | Ma hong | Ai tao | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang; Shuilong | Moistening lung for arresting cough; eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-218 | |
| Lysimachia patungensis Hand.-Mazz. | Primulaceae | Ma hong dang | Ba dong guo lu huang | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang; Dahe | Analgesia | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-220 | |
| Lysimachia phyllocephala Hand.-Mazz. | Primulaceae | Ma hong | Ye tou guo luo huang | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang; Sanhe | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-219 | |
| Lysionotus pauciflorus Maxim. | Gesneriaceae | Fan duo ding | Diao shi ju tai | Whole plant | Shrub | Dahe; Zhouqin | Drainage of pus and dissolving carbuncle; detumescence and promoting granulation | Grinding, decoction | SD-077 | |
| Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R. Br. | Papaveraceae | Mei gan xi | Bo luo hui | Whole plant | Herb | Puan; Sanhe | Heat-clearing and detoxifying; analgesia | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-331 | |
| Maclura cochinchinensis (Loureiro) Corner | Moraceae | Wei zhi | Gou ji | Root | Shrub | Whole county | Inducing diuresis for removing edema | Grinding, decoction | SD-439 | * |
| Maesa japonica (Thunb.) Moritzi. ex Zoll. | Primulaceae | Tu heng shan | Du jing shan | Rhizome; leaf | Shrub | Whole county | Inducing diuresis for removing edema | Decoction | SD-426 | * |
| Mahonia fortunei (Lindl.) Fedde | Berberidaceae | Fan men man | Shi da gong lao | Whole plant | Shrub | Whole county | Antidiarrheal | Decoction | SD-078 | |
| Malaxis monophyllos (L.) Sw. | Orchidaceae | Xiao zhu lan | Yuan zhao lan | Whole plant | Herb | Dahe; Sanhe | Heat-clearing and detoxifying | Grinding, decoction | SD-453 | * |
| Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell. Arg. | Euphorbiaceae | Hong guo guo | Cu kang chai | Root | Tree | Dahe; Dujiang | Killing taenia solium | Grinding, decoction | SD-129 | * |
| Malva verticillata L. | Malvaceae | Dong kui ye kui miao | Ye kui | Whole plant;seed | Herb | Whole county | Swelling and pain in throat | Grinding, decoction | SD-057 | * |
| Marsilea quadrifolia L. | Marsileaceae | Bing gong na | Ping | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Venomous snake bite | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-027 | |
| Medicago lupulina L. | Fabaceae | Hei jia mu xiu | Tian lan mu xu | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Heat-clearing and detoxifying; eliminating dampness | Grinding, decoction | SD-126 | * |
| Melastoma candidum D. Don | Melastomataceae | Xia ye ye mu dan | Ye mu dan | Whole plant | Shrub | Whole county | The blood circulation hematischesis | Decoction | SD-445 | * |
| Melastoma dodecandrum Lour. | Melastomataceae | Ma geng | Di ren | Whole plant | Shrub | Whole county | Expelling wind-damp | Decoction | SD-202 | |
| Melia azedarach L. | Meliaceae | Mei hong | Lian | Bark; leaf;seed | Tree | Whole county | Killing parasites to relieve itching | Decoction | SD-341 | |
| Menyanthes trifoliata L. | Menyanthaceae | Chuo cai | Shui cai | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Invigorating the spleen and promotes digestion; harmonizing stomach | Decoction | SD-038 | * |
| Microlepia marginata (Houtt.) C. Chr. | Dennstaedtiaceae | Bian yuan lin jue | Bian yuan lin gai jue | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang | Heat-clearing and detoxifying; inducing diuresis for removing edema | Decoction | SD-026 | * |
| Microsorum insigne (Blume) Copel. | Polypodiaceae | Gang hai | Yu lie xing jue | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Inducing diuresis for removing edema | Orally soup | SD-093 | |
| Mimosa pudica L. | Fabaceae | Ma xie liu | Han xiu cao | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Tranquilization | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-281 | |
| Mirabilis jalapa L. | Nyctaginaceae | Ji liu ga | Zi mo li | Tuber | Herb | Dujiang; Sanhe | Clearing liver to add yin | Grinding, decoction | SD-138 | |
| Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. | Poaceae | Ba mao | Mang | Stem | Herb | Whole county | Blood circulation | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-012 | * |
| Morella rubra Lour. | Myricaceae | Ma kang | Yang mei | Root | Tree | Whole county | Hemostasis | Medicinal liquor | SD-236 | |
| Morus alba L. | Moraceae | Mei gao dian | Sang | Leaf; root | Tree | Whole county | Eliminate the pulmonary heat | Grinding, decoction | SD-333 | |
| Munronia pinnata (Wallich) W. Theobald | Meliaceae | Bang jiao gao | Yu zhuang di huang lian | Root | Shrub | Puan | Swelling and pain in throat; empyrosis | Grinding, decoction | SD-022 | * |
| Murdannia triquetra (Wall. ex C. B. Clarke) Bruckn. | Commelinaceae | ma mo gai | Shui zhu ye | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Tonifying kidney | Decoction | SD-253 | |
| Mussaenda pubescens W. T. Aiton | Rubiaceae | Mei nong an | Yu ye jin hua | Root | Shrub | Whole county | Heat-clearing and detoxifying; eliminating cold stop pain | Grinding, decoction | SD-351 | |
| Nandina domestica Thunb. | Berberidaceae | Mei wa yin | Nan tian zhu | Fruit; root | Shrub | Whole county | Dysentery | Decoction | SD-357 | |
| Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl | Nephrolepidaceae | ni ge ding | Shen jue | Tuber; leaf | Herb | Whole county | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Decoction | SD-378 | |
| Nerium oleander L. | Apocynaceae | Ga geng lao | Jia zhu tao | Leaf; bark | Shrub | Whole county | Promoting blood circulation | Decoction | SD-081 | |
| Nymphaea tetragona Georgi | Nymphaeaceae | Lan duo | Shui lian | Flower; root | Herb | Whole county | Infantile convulsion | Grinding, decoction | SD-153 | |
| Odontosoria chinensis J. Sm | Lindsaeaceae | Ma hen gong di | Wu jue | Whole plant; root | Herb | Whole county | Knife wound | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-216 | |
| Ophioglossum reticulatum L. | Ophioglossaceae | Ma bai | Xin ye ping er xiao cao | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Bruises; inducing diuresis for removing edema | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-164 | |
| Ophioglossum thermale Kom. | Ophioglossaceae | Ma wa ma | Xia ye ping er cao | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Inducing diuresis for removing edema | Grinding, decoction | SD-272 | |
| Ophioglossum vulgatum L. | Ophioglossaceae | Ma bi gu | Ping er xiao cao | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Inducing diuresis for removing edema | Grinding, decoction | SD-168 | |
| Ophiopogon japonicus (L. f.) Ker-Gawl. | Asparagaceae | Xiang yu | Mai dong | Tuber | Herb | Dahe; Sanhe; Shuilong | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Grinding, decoction | SD-451 | |
| Origanum vulgare L. | Lamiaceae | Ma du kong | Niu zhi | Whole plant | Shrub | Whole county | Preventing or arresting vomiting | Decoction | SD-186 | |
| Orixa japonica Thunb. | Rutaceae | Mei hu | Chou chang shan | Rhizome; leaf; flower | Shrub | Dujiang; Dahe | Hepatitis; clearing liver to add yin | Medicinal liquor | SD-342 | |
| Orobanche coerulescens Steph. | Orobanchaceae | Mu tong ma dou ling | Lie dang | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Nourishing liver and kidney | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-368 | * |
| Osbeckia chinensis L. ex Walp. | Melastomataceae | Bei zi cao | Jin jin xiang | Whole plant | Herb | Puan; Zhouqin | Dysentery | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-024 | * |
| Osbeckia stellata Ham. ex D. Don: C. B. Clarke | Melastomataceae | Gao jiao hong gang | Chao tian guan | Whole plant | Shrub | Whole county | The blood circulation hematischesis | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-105 | * |
| Osmunda japonica Thunb. | Osmundaceae | Gao jiao guan zhong | Zi qi | Root | Herb | Whole county | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness | Decoction | SD-104 | * |
| Oxalis corniculata L. | Oxalidaceae | Ma ao mo | Zuo jiang cao | Whole plant; root | Herb | Whole county | Removing stasis | Grinding, decoction | SD-161 | |
| Paederia foetida L. | Rubiaceae | Yao de ma | Ji shi teng | Whole plant | Fungi | Whole county | Nourish yin and strengthen yang | Decoction | SD-467 | |
| Paeonia lactiflora Pall. | Paeoniaceae | Ma yang | Shao yao | Root | Herb | Puan; Sanhe | Decreasing swelling to relieving pain | Grinding, decoction | SD-286 | |
| Palhinhaea cernua (L.) Vasc. et Franco | Lycopodiaceae | Fa dong | Chui sui shi song | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-074 | |
| Panax pseudoginseng Wall | Araliaceae | Ma gou fen | Jia ren shen | Root | Herb | Dujiang; Dahe | Invigorates the spleen and promotes digestion | Grinding, decoction | SD-205 | |
| Paris polyphylla Smith | Melanthiaceae | Di hui tong | Qi ye yi zhi hua | Rhizome | Herb | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Nourishing liver and kidney | Decoction | SD-048 | |
| Passiflora cupiformis Mast. | Passifloraceae | Dao | Bei ye xi fan lian | Whole plant; root | Fungi | Dujiang; Jiuqian; Puan | Knife wound | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-046 | |
| Patrinia villosa (Thunb.) Juss. | Caprifoliaceae | Ma gan ga | Pan dao zeng | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Heat-clearing and detoxifying | Grinding, decoction | SD-195 | |
| Pedicularis labordei Vant. ex Bonati | Orobanchaceae | La shi ma xian hao | Xi nan ma xian hao | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Heat-clearing and detoxifying | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-152 | * |
| Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. | Lamiaceae | An ga | Zi su | Leaf; seed | Tree | Dahe; Sanhe; Puan | Regulate qi; tocolysis | Grinding, decoction | SD-003 | |
| Periploca calophylla (Wight) Falc. | Apocynaceae | Hei gu tou | Qing she teng | Stem | Shrub | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Bruises; strong bones and muscles | Decoction | SD-125 | * |
| Peristrophe japonica (Thunb.) Bremek. | Acanthaceae | Ma wa lan | Jiu tou shi zi cao | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Appetizing digestion; dispelling wind | Decoction | SD-270 | |
| Persicaria chinensis (L.) H. Gross | Polygonaceae | Ao meng ga man | Huo tan mu | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Heat-clearing and detoxifying | Grinding, decoction | SD-006 | |
| Persicaria filiformis (Thunb.) Nakai | Polygonaceae | Chong yang liu | Jin xian cao | Whole plant | Herb | Dahe; Dujiang | Inflammation | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-035 | * |
| Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach | Polygonaceae | Ma fan | Shui liao | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Inducing diuresis for removing edema | Decoction | SD-193 | |
| Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H. Gross | Polygonaceae | Ma o ding | Kang ban gui | Stem; leaf | Herb | Whole county | Moistening lung for arresting cough | Decoction | SD-260 | |
| Persicaria tinctoria (Aiton) Spach | Polygonaceae | Hong la liao | Liao lan | Leaf | Herb | Whole county | Heat-clearing and detoxifying | Decoction | SD-130 | * |
| Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn | Apiaceae | Ma hai | Qian hu | Root | Herb | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Grinding, decoction | SD-214 | |
| Phegopteris decursive-pinnata (H. C. Hall) Fée | Thelypteridaceae | Xia yu jin xing jue | Yan yu luan guo jue | Leaf | Herb | Dujiang | Inducing diuresis for removing edema; eliminating dampness | Decoction | SD-446 | * |
| Phellodendron chinense Schneid | Rutaceae | Gei mei xiang | Chuan Huang po | Bark | Tree | Dahe; Jiuqian | Clearing liver to add yin | Grinding, decoction | SD-109 | |
| Phoebe sheareri (Hemsl.) Gamble | Lauraceae | Zi jin nan | Zi nan | Root; leaf | Tree | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Harmonizing stomach | Grinding, decoction | SD-503 | * |
| Pholidota chinensis Lindl. | Orchidaceae | Pang bao dui | Shi xian tao | Tuber | Tree | Whole county | Asthma | Decoction | SD-386 | |
| Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. | Poaceae | Hao lu su | Lu wei | Root | Herb | Whole county | Moistening lung for arresting cough; deficiency of body fluids | Grinding, decoction | SD-123 | * |
| Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene | Caprifoliaceae | Shuilong | Guo jiang teng | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Dysentery; preventing further attack of malaria | Grinding, decoction | SD-415 | * |
| Phyllanthus urinaria L. | Phyllanthaceae | Duo guo ga | Ye xia zhu | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang; Dahe | Improving eyesight and removing nebula; heat-clearing and detoxifying | Decoction | SD-070 | |
| Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. | Phytolaccaceae | Mei ma lang | Shang lu | Root; flower | Herb | Whole county | Heat-clearing and detoxifying; bruises | Grinding, decoction | SD-349 | |
| Pilea notata C. H. Wright | Urticaceae | Ma wa zu | Leng shui hua | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Heat-clearing and detoxifying; clearing heat; dehumidification | Decoction | SD-274 | |
| Pinellia pedatisecta Schott | Araceae | Nan bo da | Hu zhang | Tuber | Herb | Dujiang; Sanhe | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Grinding, decoction | SD-372 | |
| Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. | Araceae | Di hui xi | Ban xia | Tuber | Herb | Whole county | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Grinding, decoction | SD-049 | |
| Pinus massoniana Lamb. | Pinaceae | Bu mai suo | Ma wei song | Leaf | Tree | Whole county | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness | Decoction | SD-029 | |
| Piper wallichii (Miq.) Hand.-Mazz. | Piperaceae | Ma mei | Shi nan teng | Whole plant | Fungi | Whole county | Eliminating phlegm and cough suppressant | Grinding, decoction | SD-247 | |
| Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) Ait. | Pittosporaceae | Dong yu ga | Hai tong | Root; seed; leaf | Shrub | Dahe; Sanhe | Relieving dryness and moistening; tranquilization | Grinding, decoction | SD-059 | |
| Plantago asiatica L | Plantaginaceae | Ma ma pa | Che qian | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Grinding, decoction | SD-246 | |
| Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco | Cupressaceae | Nv mei ou | Ce bai | Branch; seed | Tree | Whole county | Gastroenteritis | Decoction | SD-383 | |
| Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC. | Campanulaceae | Xiang dian | Jie geng | Root | Herb | Whole county | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Decoction | SD-447 | |
| Pleione bulbocodioides (Franch.) Rolfe | Orchidaceae | Tiao zi qi | Du suan lan | Stem | Herb | Dahe; Dujiang | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Decoction | SD-422 | * |
| Pleuropterus multiflorus (Thunb.) Nakai | Polygonaceae | Man gang xi | He shou wu | Tuber; vine | Fungi | Whole county | Nourishing liver and kidney; regulate qi | Orally soup | SD-295 | |
| Polycarpaea corymbosa (L.) Lamarck | Caryophyllaceae | Ma san dang | Bai gu ding | Whole plant | Herb | Sanhe; Zhouqin | Eczema; relieving rheumatism and cold | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-263 | |
| Polygala japonica Houtt. | Polygalaceae | Dong yao dong | Gua zi jin | Whole plant; root | Herb | Whole county | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Grinding, decoction | SD-058 | |
| Polygala sibirica L. | Polygalaceae | Ma dian di | Xi bo li ya yuan zhi | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough; tranquilization | Grinding, decoction | SD-177 | |
| Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wall.) Royle | Asparagaceae | Ma xin meng | Juan ye huang jing | Rhizome | Herb | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Nourishing yin and tonifying yang | Grinding, decoction | SD-282 | |
| Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce | Asparagaceae | Ma ding man | Yu zhu | Rhizome | Herb | Dujiang; Sanhe | Moistening lung for arresting cough | Decoction | SD-183 | |
| Polygonum aviculare L. | Polygonaceae | Pian xu | Pian xu | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Inflammation | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-390 | * |
| Populus davidiana Dode | Salicaceae | Da ye yang | Shan yang | Bark | Tree | Whole county | Ascaris | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-042 | * |
| Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf. | Polyporaceae | Ni ga | Fu ling | Sclerotia | Herb | Whole county | Strengthen the spleen; tranquilization; inducing diuresis for removing edema | Decoction | SD-376 | |
| Portulaca oleracea L. | Portulacaceae | Ma wa fa | Ma chi xian | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang; Sanhe | Dysentery | Grinding, decoction | SD-267 | |
| Potentilla chinensis Ser. | Rosaceae | Ka gui di | Wei ling cai | Whole plant; root | Herb | Whole county | Heat-clearing and detoxifying | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-147 | |
| Potentilla freyniana Bornm. | Rosaceae | Ma ding man | San ye wei ling cai | Whole plant; root | Herb | Whole county | Regulating the menstrual function to stop pain; checking vaginal discharge | Decoction | SD-184 | |
| Prunella vulgaris L. | Lamiaceae | Ma ding ma | Xia ku cao | Whole plant; fruit | Herb | Whole county | Clearing liver to add yin; clearing heat for detumescence | Decoction | SD-182 | |
| Prunus armeniaca L. | Rosaceae | Mv mei feng | Seed | Tree | Dahe; Puan | Moistening lung for arresting cough | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-370 | ||
| Prunus mume Siebold & Zucc. | Rosaceae | Qing mei | Mei | Root; flower; fruit | Tree | Jiuqian; Puan | Dysentery | Orally soup | SD-395 | |
| Prunus persica L. | Rosaceae | Nv fang | Tao | Seed | Tree | Whole county | Promoting blood flow and tendon relaxation | Decoction | SD-380 | |
| Prunus pseudocerasus (Lindl.) G. Don | Rosaceae | Du fang | Ying tao | Fruit; root | Tree | Whole county | Drainage of pus and dissolving carbuncle | Medicinal liquor | SD-067 | |
| Pseudognaphalium affine (D. Don) Anderberg | Asteraceae | Ma gan geng | Shu qu cao | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough; asthma | Decoction | SD-196 | |
| Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum (Desv.)Underw.ex Heller | Dennstaedtiaceae | Quan tou cai | Jue | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Expelling wind-damp; heat-clearing and detoxifying | Decoction | SD-399 | * |
| Pteris cretica L. var. nervossa (Thunb.) Ching et S.H. Wu | Pteridaceae | You hen gong | Feng wei jue | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Removing pathogenic heat from the blood and toxic material from the body | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-496 | |
| Pteris dispar Kze. | Pteridaceae | Ban bian qi | Ci chi ban bian qi | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Laxative | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-020 | * |
| Pteris vittata L. f | Pteridaceae | Ma you du ku | Wu gong feng wei jue | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Disinfection | Medicinal liquor | SD-288 | |
| Pterocarya stenoptera C. DC. | Juglandaceae | Mei lou wen | Feng yang | Bark; leaf | Tree | Dujiang; Sanhe | Disinfection; killing parasites to relieve itching | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-348 | |
| Pueraria edulis Pampan. | Fabaceae | Ge | Shi yong ge | Root; flower | Fungi | Whole county | Dysentery | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-106 | * |
| Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willdenow) Maesen & S. M. Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep | Fabaceae | Yao hai | Ge | Tuber | Fungi | Whole county | Eczema; dispelling wind and eliminating dampness | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-474 | |
| Puhuaea sequax (Wall.) H. Ohashi & K. Ohashi | Fabaceae | Ma wa diu | Wa zi cao | Whole plant; root | Shrub | Whole county | Antivirus and insect repellent | Grinding, decoction | SD-266 | |
| Punica granatum L. | Lythraceae | Suo liu | Shi liu | Fruit; root; leaf; flower | Tree | Whole county | Dysentery | Decoction | SD-417 | |
| Pyrola calliantha H. Andr. | Ericaceae | Ma yan duo | Lu ti cao | Whole plant | Shrub | Dujiang; Zhouqin | Moistening lung for arresting cough | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-285 | |
| Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farwell | Polypodiaceae | Ma mo hui | Shi wei | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang; Shuilong | Heat-clearing and detoxifying; clearing heat; dehumidification | Decoction | SD-254 | |
| Pyrrosia piloselloides (Linnaeus) M. G. Price | Polypodiaceae | Ma gao hui | Bao shu lian | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang; Lalan | Removing pathogenic heat from the blood and toxic material from the body | Orally soup | SD-197 | |
| Pyrrosia similis Ching | Polypodiaceae | Ha jie ge | Xiang si shi wei | Whole plant; root | Herb | Dujiang; Shuilong | Inducing diuresis for removing edema | Decoction | SD-119 | |
| Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim | Rosaceae | Gei xiu | Qi zi li | Fruit | Tree | Whole county | Harmonizing stomach | Decoction | SD-111 | |
| Quercus acutissima Carr. | Fagaceae | Gao ding | Ma li | Fruit | Tree | Whole county | Gastroenteritis | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-103 | |
| Quercus fabri Hance | Fagaceae | Za wa lao | Bai li | Fruit | Tree | Whole county | Gastroenteritis; harmonizing stomach | Grinding, decoction | SD-500 | |
| Ranunculus japonicus Thunb. | Ranunculaceae | Ma ding meng | Mao gen | Whole plant; root | Herb | Whole county | Gastroenteritis | Grinding, decoction | SD-185 | |
| Raphanus sativus L. | Brassicaceae | Ma xiang lan | Luo bo | Seed; root; leaf | Herb | Whole county | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Decoction | SD-280 | |
| Reineckea carnea (Andrews) Kunth | Asparagaceae | Ma hui xiu | Ji xiang cao | Whole plant | Herb | Dahe; Zhouqin; Dujiang | Fracture; strong bones and muscles | Grinding, decoction | SD-224 | |
| Rhapis excelsa (Thunb.) Henry ex Rehd. | Arecaceae | Mei yi de | Zong zhu | Root | Shrub | Dujiang; Shuilong | Inflammation | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-363 | |
| Rhododendron simsii Planch. | Ericaceae | Nu yao han | Du jian | Whole plant | Shrub | Dujiang; Sanhe | The blood circulation hematischesis | Decoction | SD-379 | |
| Rhus chinensis Mill. | Anacardiaceae | Mei bu geng | Yan fu mu | Root | Tree | Whole county | Inflammation | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-308 | |
| Robinia pseudoacacia L. | Fabaceae | An lai di | Ci huai | Flower | Tree | Whole county | Inducing diuresis for removing edema; the blood circulation hematischesis | Decoction | SD-004 | |
| Rohdea japonica (Thunb.) Roth | Asparagaceae | Gang ao mie | Wan nian qing | Whole plant; root | Herb | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Harmonizing stomach; appetizing digestion | Decoction | SD-084 | |
| Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern | Brassicaceae | Ma nian | Han cai | Whole plant | Herb | Sanhe; Shuilong | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-258 | |
| Rosa laevigata Michx. | Rosaceae | Dou pang ya | Jin ying zi | Fruit; root | Shrub | Whole county | Tonifying kidney | Decoction | SD-064 | |
| Rosa roxburghii Tratt. | Rosaceae | Pang ka | Sao si hua | Fruit; root | Shrub | Jiuqian; Shuilong; Zhouqin | Harmonizing stomach | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-387 | |
| Rubia cordifolia L. | Rubiaceae | Yao yi | Qian cao | Root | Fungi | Whole county | Removing pathogenic heat from the blood and toxic material from the body | Decoction | SD-488 | |
| Rubus corchorifolius L. f | Rosaceae | Shu mei | Shan mei | Root | Shrub | Whole county | Blood circulation | Decoction | SD-413 | * |
| Rubus coreanus Miq. | Rosaceae | Dou ba | Cha tian biao | Root | Shrub | Whole county | Tonifying kidney | Decoction | SD-060 | |
| Rubus lambertianus Ser. | Rosaceae | Shi yue miao | Gao liang biao | Root | Shrub | Whole county | Removing stasis | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-412 | * |
| Rubus pluribracteatus L. T. Lu & Boufford | Rosaceae | Dong ga | Da wu biao | Root | Shrub | Whole county | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-056 | |
| Rubus quinquefoliolatus Yü et Lu | Rosaceae | Yao zhenng wo wa | Wu ye xuan gou zi | Whole plant | Shrub | Whole county | Bruises; heat-clearing and detoxifying | Decoction | SD-489 | |
| Rumex acetosa L. | Polygonaceae | Ma hong hai | Suan mo | Root | Herb | Dujiang; Dahe | Have a laxative effect | Decoction | SD-222 | |
| Rumex japonicus Houtt. | Polygonaceae | Ma zai di | Yang ti | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Have a laxative effect; relieving dryness and moistening | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-291 | |
| Rumex nepalensis Spreng | Polygonaceae | Ma da miao | Ni bo er suan mo | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang; Dahe | Heat-clearing and detoxifying | Decoction | SD-171 | |
| Sagina japonica (Sw.) Ohwi | Caryophyllaceae | Gang neng fa | Qi gu cao | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang; Dahe | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Grinding, decoction | SD-097 | |
| Salix babylonica L. | Salicaceae | Mei liu | Chui liu | Branch | Tree | Whole county | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness; dehumidification | Grinding, decoction | SD-346 | |
| Salix wallichiana Anderss. | Salicaceae | Mei bai la | Zao liu | Root; leaf | Shrub | Whole county | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-303 | |
| Salvia cavaleriei Lévl. | Lamiaceae | Fan bei hong | Gui zhou shu wei cao | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | The blood circulation hematischesis | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-076 | * |
| Sambucus williamsii Hance | Adoxaceae | Yao hui xing | Jie gu mu | Root; leaf | Shrub | Whole county | Bruises | Grinding, decoction | SD-476 | |
| Sanguisorba officinalis L. | Rosaceae | Huang gua xiang | Di yu | Root | Herb | Whole county | Bleeding stop | Decoction | SD-134 | * |
| Sanicula orthacantha S. Moore | Apiaceae | Ma ding ang | Zhi ci bian dou cai | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Harmonizing stomach; dysentery | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-179 | |
| Sapindus saponaria Linnaeus | Sapindaceae | Mu wan zi | Wu huan zi | Root; fruit | Tree | Dahe | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-369 | * |
| Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai | Chloranthaceae | Mei han lan | Cao shan hu | Branch | Shrub | Whole county | Fracture | Grinding, decoction | SD-340 | |
| Sargentodoxa cuneata (Oliv.) Rehd. et Wils. | Lardizabalaceae | Yao e nong | Da xue teng | Rhizome | Fungi | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Strong bones and muscles | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-470 | |
| Sassafras tzumu (Hemsl.) Hemsl. | Lauraceae | Ca shu | Cha mu | Root | Tree | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness | Decoction | SD-030 | * |
| Sauromatum giganteum (Engler) Cusimano & Hetterscheid | Araceae | Di shui shen | Du jiao lian | Tuber | Herb | Dujiang; Sanhe | Facial paralysis | Grinding, decoction | SD-052 | * |
| Saururus chinensis (Lour.) Baill. | Saururaceae | Ne jiu nan | San bai cao | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Detumescence; heat-clearing and detoxifying; inducing diuresis for removing edema | Grinding, decoction | SD-374 | |
| Saxifraga stolonifera Curt. | Saxifragaceae | Ma da yong | Hu er cao | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Removing pathogenic heat from the blood and toxic material from the body | Grinding, decoction | SD-174 | |
| Sceptridium ternatum (Thunb.) Y. X. Lin | Ophioglossaceae | Wa you gu | Yin di jue | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang; Dahe | Hepatitis; infantile convulsion | Orally soup; pound fresh part applied on the affected area | SD-435 | |
| Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. | Schisandraceae | Bei wu wei zi | Wu wei zi | Fruit; root | Fungi | Dahe; Dujiang | Moistening lung for suppressing cough | Decoction | SD-023 | * |
| Schizophragma integrifolium Oliv. | Hydrangeaceae | Tong ye teng | Zuan di feng | Root; vine | Fungi | Whole county | Expelling wind and activating blood flow | Orally soup | SD-425 | * |
| Schoenoplectiella wallichii (Nees) Lye | Cyperaceae | Shan ji wei cao | Zhu mao cao | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Inducing diuresis for removing edema | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-404 | * |
| Scleromitrion diffusum (Willd.) R. J. Wang | Rubiaceae | Gang mo hui | Bai hua she she cao | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Heat-clearing and detoxifying | Grinding, decoction | SD-096 | |
| Scutellaria barbata D. Don | Lamiaceae | Yang long | Ban zhi lian | Whole plant | Herb | Jiuqian; Zhouqin | Anti-inflammatory | Grinding, decoction | SD-464 | |
| Scutellaria indica L. | Lamiaceae | Ma mei feng | Han xin cao | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang; Puan | Moistening lung for arresting cough | Decoction | SD-249 | |
| Sedum sarmentosum Bunge | Crassulaceae | Ma nv bu | Chui pen cao | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | The blood circulation hematischesis | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-259 | |
| Selaginella delicatula (Desv.) Alston | Selaginellaceae | Shan bai zhi | Bao ye juan bai | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang | Inducing diuresis for removing edema | Grinding, decoction | SD-402 | * |
| Selaginella labordei Hieron. ex Christ | Selaginellaceae | Shan bai zhi | Xi ye juan bai | Whole plant | Herb | Jiuqian | Inducing diuresis for removing edema | Grinding, decoction | SD-403 | * |
| Selaginella moellendorffii Hieron. | Selaginellaceae | Shi bai | Jiang nan juan bai | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang | Inducing diuresis for removing edema; heat-clearing and detoxifying | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-410 | * |
| Selaginella tamariscina (P. Beauv.) Spring | Selaginellaceae | Ding meng bian | Juan bai | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang; Sanhe | Hemostasis; the blood circulation hematischesis | Decoction | SD-055 | |
| Selaginella uncinata (Desv.) Spring | Selaginellaceae | Gang heng men | Cui yun cao | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-094 | |
| Selliguea hastata (Thunberg) Fraser-Jenkins | Polypodiaceae | Gang ding an | Jin ji jiao jia liu jue | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-086 | |
| Semiaquilegia adoxoides (DC.) Makino | Ranunculaceae | Ma gei nuo | Tian kui | Tuber | Herb | Whole county | Relieving asthma | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-201 | |
| Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don | Asteraceae | Ma suo li | Qian li guang | Whole plant | Herb | Jiuqian; Sanhe | Expelling wind-damp | Decoction | SD-265 | |
| Senna tora (L.) Roxb. | Fabaceae | Ge li nuo | Jue ming | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Regulate qi; promoting flow of qi and blood circulation | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-107 | |
| Senna tora (Linnaeus) Roxburgh | Fabaceae | Duo hen duan | Jue ming | Seed | Shrub | Whole county | Hepatitis; have a laxative effect | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-072 | |
| Serissa serissoides (DC.) Druce | Rubiaceae | Ma leng ga | Bai ma gu | Whole plant; root | Shrub | Sanhe; Shuilong | Clearing liver to add yin | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-242 | |
| Sida rhombifolia L. | Malvaceae | Huang hua di tao hua | Bai bei huang hua nian | Root; leaf | Shrub | Dahe; Sanhe | Detumescence and promoting granulation | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-135 | * |
| Sigesbeckia pubescens (Makino) Makino | Asteraceae | Du ge ma | Xian geng xi xian | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Nourishing liver and kidney | Orally soup | SD-068 | |
| Sinosenecio oldhamianus (Maxim.) B. Nord. | Asteraceae | Ma xuan dong | Pu er gen | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang; Sanhe | Heat-clearing and detoxifying | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-283 | |
| Siphonostegia chinensis Benth. | Orobanchaceae | Ma jie lu | Yin xing cao | Whole plant | Herb | Sanhe; Zhouqin | Expelling wind-damp | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-228 | |
| Smilax glabra Roxb. | Smilacaceae | Ni ga | Tu fu ling | Root | Shrub | Whole county | Invigorating the spleen and promotes digestion; harmonizing stomach | Grinding, decoction | SD-377 | |
| Solanum violaceum Ortega | Solanaceae | Ma du meng | Ci tian qie | Fruit; leaf | Shrub | Whole county | Inducing diuresis for removing edema; detumescence | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-189 | |
| Solena heterophylla Lour. | Cucurbitaceae | Jie du cao | Mao gua | Root | Herb | Dahe; Dujiang | Heat-clearing and detoxifying | Boiled with meat and drunk the soup | SD-140 | * |
| Solidago decurrens Lour. | Asteraceae | Ma bo man | Yi zhi huang hua | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Knife wound | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-169 | |
| Sophora flavescens Alt. | Fabaceae | Mei duo hong | Ku shen | Root; seed | Tree | Dahe; Sanhe | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness | Grinding, decoction | SD-323 | |
| Spatholobus suberectus Dunn | Fabaceae | Yao lang | Mi hua dou | Seed | Fungi | Dujiang; Sanhe | Clearing and activating the channels and collaterals | Orally soup | SD-479 | |
| Sphagnum palustre L. | Sphagnaceae | Mian hua cai | Ni tan xian | Whole plant | Herb | Dahe; Sanhe | Heat-clearing and detoxifying | Grinding, decoction; medicated bath | SD-366 | * |
| Spiraea japonica L. f. | Rosaceae | Kun ga | Fen hua xiu xian ju | Root | Shrub | Dujiang; Zhouqin | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough | Grinding, decoction | SD-149 | |
| Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames | Orchidaceae | Zhu bian cao | Shou cao | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Nourishing liver and kidney; tranquilization | Decoction | SD-502 | * |
| Stachys sieboldii Miq. | Lamiaceae | Di li | Gan lu zi | Whole plant | Herb | Puan; Sanhe | Heat-clearing and detoxifying | Decoction | SD-050 | * |
| Stellaria aquatica (L.) Scop. | Caryophyllaceae | Ma ge ling | E chang cai | Whole plant; root | Herb | Whole county | Expelling wind-damp | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-199 | |
| Stellaria media (L.) Villars | Caryophyllaceae | Ma ni | Fan lv | Stem; leaf | Herb | Whole county | Killing parasites to relieve itching; antibiosis | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-256 | |
| Stephania cepharantha Hay. | Menispermaceae | Ha bo | Jin xian diao wu gui | Tuber | Shrub | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Venomous snake bite | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-115 | |
| Strobilanthes cusia (Nees) Kuntze | Acanthaceae | Ban lan gen | Ban lan | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Clearing heat and detoxifying, reducing swelling and relieving pain | Decoction | SD-021 | * |
| Styrax japonicas Sieb. & Zucc. | Styracaceae | Mei lang gui | Ye mo li | Leaf; fruit | Shrub | Dujiang | Expelling wind-damp | Grinding, decoction | SD-344 | |
| Symplocos lancifolia Sieb. et Zucc. | Symplocaceae | Pi zhen ye shan fan | Guang ye shan fan | Root; leaf | Tree | Dujiang | Heat-clearing and detoxifying; bruises | Grinding, decoction | SD-388 | * |
| Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. | Asteraceae | Ba hai | Pu gong ying | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Heat-clearing and detoxifying | Decoction | SD-009 | |
| Taxus wallichiana var. chinensis (Pilger) Florin | Taxaceae | Mei fa nuo | Hong dou shan | Seed | Tree | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Gastroenteritis | Stir fry; grinding, decoction | SD-325 | |
| Tetrapanax papyrifer (Hook.) K. Koch | Araliaceae | Mei bu feng | Tong tuo mu | Stem | Shrub | Whole county | Regulate the menstrual function to stop pain; lactogenesis | Grinding, decoction | SD-307 | |
| Tetrastigma formosanum (Hemsl.) Gagnep. | Vitaceae | Yin ya gui | Tau wan ya pa teng | Root | Fungi | Whole county | The blood circulation hematischesis | Grinding, decoction | SD-494 | |
| Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg | Vitaceae | Ma gou han wa | San ye ya pa teng | Whole plant; tuber | Fungi | Dujiang; Dahe | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness | Grinding, decoction | SD-206 | |
| Tetrastigma serrulatum (Roxb.) Planch. | Vitaceae | Yao pan | Xia ye yan ya teng | Whole plant | Fungi | Dujiang; Jiuqian | The blood circulation hematischesis | Decoction | SD-486 | |
| Thalictrum ichangense Lecoy. ex Oliv. | Ranunculaceae | Ma deng ren | Dun ye tang song cao | Whole plant | Herb | Dahe; Zhouqin | Expelling wind-damp | Grinding, decoction | SD-175 | |
| Thesium chinense Turcz. | Santalaceae | Bai ru cao | Bai rui cao | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Regulate qi | Decoction | SD-017 | * |
| Tinospora sagittata (Oliv.) Gagnep. | Menispermaceae | Ha jiu peng | Qing niu dan | Tuber | Fungi | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Inflammation | Grinding, decoction | SD-120 | |
| Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. | Rutaceae | Mei ao gan | Fei long zhang xue | Root; leaf | Tree | Dujiang; jiu long | Removing stasis | Medicinal liquor | SD-302 | |
| Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem. | Meliaceae | Mei han ga | Xiang chun | Bark | Tree | Whole county | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness | Grinding, decoction | SD-339 | |
| Torilis scabra (Thunb.) DC. | Apiaceae | He shi | Qie yi | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Relieving rheumatism and cold | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-124 | * |
| Torricellia angulata Oliv. | Torricelliaceae | Da jie gu dan | Jiao ye qiao bing mu | Root; leaf; flower | Shrub | Whole county | Fracture | Grinding, decoction | SD-041 | * |
| Toxicodendron succedaneum (L.) O. Kuntze | Anacardiaceae | Mei da | Shan qi shu | Root; leaf | Shrub | Whole county | Bruises; heat-clearing and detoxifying | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-310 | |
| Trachelospermum jasminoides (Lindl.) Lem. | Apocynaceae | Wang ba hai | Luo shi | Stem; leaf | Fungi | Whole county | Inflammation | Grinding, decoction | SD-437 | |
| Trachycarpus fortunei (Hook.) H. Wendl. | Arecaceae | Mei yi | Zong lv | Leaf | Tree | Dujiang; Shuilong | Dysentery; preventing further attack of malaria | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-362 | |
| Trichosanthes cucumeroides (Ser.) Maxim. | Cucurbitaceae | Bu ga | Wang gua | Fruit; root | Fungi | Whole county | The blood circulation hematischesis | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-028 | |
| Trigastrotheca stricta (L.) Thulin | Molluginaceae | Mei fan hen | Su mi cao | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Antidiarrheal; dysentery | Decoction | SD-326 | |
| Typha angustifolia L. | Typhaceae | Xiang pu | Shui zhu | Flower | Herb | Whole county | The blood circulation hematischesis | Decoction | SD-450 | * |
| Ulmus pumila L. | Ulmaceae | Bai yu | Yu | Bark; root | Tree | Whole county | Checking vaginal discharge; tranquilization | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-019 | * |
| Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Miq. ex Havil. | Rubiaceae | Mei xiang xiu | Gou teng | Aboveground part | Fungi | Whole county | Clearing liver to add yin | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-358 | |
| Urena labata Linn. var. chinensis (Osbeck) S. Y. Hu Fl | Malvaceae | Ma ka dun | Zhong hua di tao hua | Whole plant; root | Shrub | Whole county | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness | Grinding, decoction | SD-234 | |
| Usnea diffracta Vain. | Lichenes | Po jing song luo | Song luo | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness; regulate the menstrual function to stop pain | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-391 | * |
| Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb. | Ericaceae | Ran shu | Nan zhu | Leaf; fruit | Shrub | Whole county | Killing parasites to relieve itching | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-400 | * |
| Valeriana jatamansi Jones | Caprifoliaceae | Ha fa | Zhi zhu xiang | Rhizome | Herb | Jiuqian; Puan | Expelling wind-damp | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-117 | |
| Valeriana officinalis L. | Caprifoliaceae | Chuan xin pai cao | Xie cao | Root | Herb | Whole county | Abdominal pain | Decoction | SD-037 | * |
| Verbena officinalis L. | Verbenaceae | Ma ou | Ma bian cao | Stem | Herb | Dahe; Sanhe | Blood circulation | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-261 | |
| Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.) Airy-Shaw | Euphorbiaceae | Mei duo | You tong | Root; leaf; seed | Tree | Whole county | Killing parasites to relieve itching | Boiled with meat and drunk the soup | SD-322 | |
| Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. | Plantaginaceae | Ma ge ling | Bei shui ku mai | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Regulate the menstrual function to stop pain | Decoction | SD-200 | |
| Veronica peregrina L. | Plantaginaceae | Ma du nei | Fen mu cao | Whole plant | Herb | Puan; Zhouqin | Promoting blood flow and tendon relaxation | Medicinal liquor | SD-190 | |
| Veronicastrum caulopterum (Hance) Yamazaki | Plantaginaceae | Ma xi lian | Si fang ma | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Heat-clearing and detoxifying | Decoction | SD-276 | |
| Viburnum cylindricum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don | Adoxaceae | Mei shi yang | Shui hong mu | Root; leaf; flower | Tree | Dujiang | Drainage of pus and dissolving carbuncle | Medicated bath | SD-354 | |
| Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. | Adoxaceae | Yin lao | Jia mi | Root; leaf; fruit | Shrub | Whole county | Appetizing digestion; deficiency of Body Fluids | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-493 | |
| Vicia sepium L. | Fabaceae | Duo guo ni | Ye wan dou | Whole plant | Herb | Dahe; Sanhe | Inducing diuresis for removing edema | Decoction | SD-071 | |
| Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi et Ohashi | Fabaceae | Hong chi xiao dou | Chi dou | Seed | Herb | Whole county | Inducing diuresis for removing edema | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-128 | * |
| Vincetoxicum atratum (Bunge) Morren et Decne. | Apocynaceae | Mei bao fa | Bai wei | Root | Herb | Sanhe; Zhouqin | Moistening lung for arresting cough | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-304 | |
| Vincetoxicum pycnostelma Kitag. | Apocynaceae | Liao diao zhu | Xu chang qing | Whole plant | Herb | Dujiang; Zhouqin | Regulate the menstrual function to stop pain | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-154 | * |
| Viola grypoceras A. Gray | Violaceae | Ma kui lang | Zi hua jin cai | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Knife wound | Fresh herbs are placed on the affected area | SD-238 | |
| Viola philippica Cav. | Violaceae | Ma gu | Zi hua di ding | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Decreasing swelling to relieving pain | Decoction | SD-208 | |
| Viola tricolor L. | Violaceae | Xing fu na | San se jin | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Killing parasites to relieve itching | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-457 | |
| Vitex negundo L. | Lamiaceae | Mei dang jing | Huang jing | Fruit; root | Shrub | Dujiang; Sanhe | Dysentery | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-313 | |
| Wahlenbergia marginata (Thunb.) A. DC. | Campanulaceae | Ma mei xiang | Lan hua shen | Whole plant | Herb | Whole county | Infantile malnutrition | Boiled with meat and drunk the soup | SD-250 | |
| Wikstroemia indica (L.) C. A. Mey | Thymelaeaceae | Yao dang ya | Liao ge wang | Stem; leaf; root | Shrub | Dujiang; Dahe | Blood circulation | Medicinal liquor | SD-466 | |
| Woodwardia japonica (L. f.) Sm | Blechnaceae | Gou ji | Gou ji jue | Rhizome | Herb | Whole county | Killing parasites to relieve itching | Decoction | SD-112 | * |
| Xanthium strumarium L. | Asteraceae | Ma lu bo | Cang er | Stem; leaf | Herb | Whole county | Expelling wind-damp | Decoction | SD-245 | |
| Xylosma congesta (Loureiro) Merrill | Euphorbiaceae | Zao zi shu | Zuo mu | Leaf | Shrub | Sanhe | Heat-clearing and detoxifying; bruises | Grinding, decoction | SD-501 | * |
| Yulania liliiflora (Desr.) D. L. Fu | Magnoliaceae | Mei ge de | Zi yu lan | Flower | Tree | Dujiang; Dahe | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-334 | |
| Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim | Rutaceae | Mei xiu | Hua jiao | Fruit | Tree | Whole county | Killing parasites to relieve itching | Grinding, decoction; orally soup | SD-359 | |
| Zanthoxylum dimorphophyllum Hemsl | Rutaceae | Bai gei ga | Yi ye hua jiao | Leaf; root | Shrub | Dujiang; Jiuqian | Bruises; heat-clearing and detoxifying | Decoction | SD-014 | |
| Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC. | Rutaceae | Mei xiu | Liang mian zhen | Rhizome; leaf | Shrub | Whole county | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness | Boiled with meat and drunk the soup | SD-360 | |
| Zanthoxylum simulans Hance | Rutaceae | Qing hua jiao | Ye hua jiao | Fruit; leaf; root | Shrub | Whole county | Harmonizing stomach; appetizing digestion | Boiled with meat and drunk the soup | SD-394 | * |
| Zehneria japonica (Thunberg) H. Y. Liu | Cucurbitaceae | Yao di duo | Ma bo er | Root; leaf | Herb | Dahe; Shuilong | Detumescence | Boiled with meat and drunk the soup | SD-468 | |
| Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Rosc | Zingiberaceae | Ye jiang | Rang he | Rhizome; flower | Herb | Dujiang; Shuilong | Analgesia | Decoction | SD-490 | * |
*This medicinal plant was firstly recorded in Shui medicinal plants
Fig. 3.
Comparison of species number of medicinal plants used in Sandu and other counties in China
The botanical families with the most medicinal plant species documented in this study are listed in Fig. 4. Fabaceae (27 species) and Asteraceae (24) families occupy the largest proportion of medicinal plants at this study site and are consistent with the wet monsoon climate. This is conducive to the survival of plants with more substantial regenerative and asexual reproduction [48]. Additional popular medicinal plant families include Rosaceae (22), Polygonaceae (13), Lamiaceae (12), Caprifoliaceae (11), Orchidaceae (10), Apiaceae (9), Moraceae (9), Amaranthaceae (8), Rubiaceae (8), Araliaceae (8), Pteridaceae (8), Asparagaceae (7), Ranunculaceae (7), Euphorbiaceae (7), Rutaceae (7), Primulaceae (7), and Campanulaceae (7). Similar results have been shown in Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture, where many medicinal species belong to these families [40]. Although these 19 families accounted for 12.2% of the total number of families used by Shui healers, the number of species included accounted for 42.8% of the total number of medicinal species used, and of the remaining families, each contained only a few species.
Fig. 4.
Nineteen prevalent botanical families with most species numbers used in Shui traditional medicine
Generally, the medicinal plant resources of the Shui ethnic group in Sandu County have three distinct characteristics:
Rich diversity: The findings highlight that the diverse natural environment of Sandu Shui Autonomous County provides local inhabitants with abundant natural resources. These medicinal plants not only help with disease prevention and treatment, but they provide a source of economic livelihood for locals. The rich biodiversity of this region can be credited to the forest protection and environmental traditions that the Shui people have developed and passed down through generations. While preserving forests and ecological environments, the Shui have fostered a symbiotic and mutually supportive relationship. For example, the Shui people frequently designate their revered mountains near their villages as “Dragon Mountains,” believing these mountains to be the foundation of their communities. The prosperity of the village is believed to be significantly impacted by the state of the Dragon Mountain, necessitating special protection measures, such as the prohibition of plant poaching and deforestation. Numerous forest protection and appreciation practices are also integrated into the Shui people's significant life-cycle ceremonies. When a baby boy is born in a Shui family, his father is obliged to plant a tree for the newborn and carefully tend to it, thereby symbolizing the child's growth and development. After a person passes away, Liquidambar formosana saplings are planted in their burial ground, and they are considered “divine trees.” Consequently, these Liquidambar formosana trees can thrive and form small “natural reserves” within the burial grounds. Even if these trees die or branches fall, their use for timber is strictly forbidden. The Shui people's proactive forest protection customs have effectively conserved local forest resources, paving the way for sustainable development in the region.
Widespread distribution and abundance: The villages where the Shui people reside are mostly located near mountains and water systems, such as Jiujian, Dahai, and Pu’an, helping to access more easily medicinal plants in the region. According to Shui healers, in the past, farmers from the Jiujian Township could obtain several thousand pounds of Eucommia ulmoides bark each time they collected in the mountains (unpublished results). After a thorough investigation, we observed the most commonly distributed medicinal plants included Lonicera japonica, Ligustrum japonicum, and Houttuynia cordata. Furthermore, each year during the Dragon Boat Festival, the Sandu county seat and its townships maintain a tradition of organizing a medicinal market, where vendors line both sides of the streets, creating a lively and bustling event. The Shui Dragon Boat Festival herbal market has played a significant role in the flourishing of the Chinese herbal medicine market in Sandu Shui Autonomous County. Besides the general public engaging in the buying and selling of herbal medicine, the county’s supply and marketing cooperatives, medical departments, and local produce departments also set up stalls at major intersections to purchase medicinal plants, such as Platycodon grandiflorus, Asparagus cochinchinensis, Ophiopogon japonicus, and Uncaria rhynchophylla. Consequently, a substantial volume of herbal medicine is sold in Sandu annually, establishing it as one of the primary export products of the Sandu Shui Autonomous County. The herbal medicine industry in Sandu shows great potential for further growth and development.
Extensive cultivation: In order to make them more easily accessible for personal use, common medicinal plants, such as Celosia cristata, Isodon amethystoides, and Asarum insigne, have been cultivated around houses and on farmland for immediate use. In addition, some Shui people also grow edible wild plants with medicinal properties, like Pteridium aquilinum, Houttuynia cordata, and Capsella bursa-pastoris. The cultivation of these plants does not require time-consuming management or pesticide application, allowing them to retain their authentic flavor. This practice can be viewed as a transition from humans wildcrafting plants in their natural habitat to engaging in cultivation. Additionally, there is also commercial production through cultivation. At present, as farmers and the local government recognize the medicinal and economic value of Shui medicinal plants, Sandu County has initiated large-scale cultivation of medicinal plants such as Eucommia ulmoides, Gastrodia elata, and Mahonia fortunei. This approach has transformed medicinal plant resources into an economic powerhouse for the region, ensuring a steady supply of medicinal materials for businesses and providing an excellent income-generating opportunity for the local community.
Traditional uses and preparation of medicinal plants
The efficacy of medicinal plants is closely related to the plant part used since different parts of the same plant may have different uses and effectiveness [49]. The Shui informants at the study sites used multiple parts of medicinal plants, including the root, whole plant, leaf, stem, bark, fruit, seed, flower, and tuber. Among them, the whole plants were the most popularly used group in terms of species number (221 species), accounting for 25.64% of the total species, followed by roots (21.69%), leaves (12.53%), stems (11.02%), fruits (7.42%), barks (5.45%), seeds (4.52%), flowers (4.18%), tubers (1.39%), and others, including bulbs, vine, and rhizome (6.15%) (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5.
Plant parts used in Shui medicine
Using the whole plants as medicine is common practice in many ethnic medicines, and traditional doctors believe that this method can enhance the efficacy of the medicine [50, 51]. Although this collection method can cause damage to the local medicinal plant resources and harm biodiversity conservation, it is worth noting that some villagers have taken to cultivating commonly used medicinal plants in their home gardens as an alternative. Furthermore, the county government has taken steps in recent years to initiate reforestation efforts and has implemented administrative measures to safeguard medicinal plant resources [52]. As a result, the issue of destructive collection and excavation has begun to be somewhat alleviated.
In all, 374 traditional medicine prescriptions were collected through interviews with local healers and included nine types of treatments: decoction (278); external application (34); medicinal liquor (36); oral soup (128), and exterior washing (28). The Shui people use fresh medicinal plants frequently, while dry plants are seldom used. This is because the Shui believe the active ingredients of fresh plants are still intact so that this method can optimize effectiveness. However, our investigations found that most plants traded at the market were dried. Local herbal medicine vendors explained that these dried medicinal materials were more convenient for storage. In addition, dried plant materials also were considered to have improved taste and odor, so they are more palatable.
Medicinal liquor, for the prevention and treatment of diseases, is one of the oldest traditional dosage forms in the history of Chinese medicine. These liquors have been widely used in both folk and medicinal industries from ancient times to the present day [53–55]. Shui people prepare alcoholic beverages, known in Chinese as jiuqian-jiu, which are made from rice and special starter made of wild plants known as jiuqu [56, 57]. This dosage form has antiseptic and antitoxic properties, which can delay hydrolysis and enhance the stability of many medicines [58]. There are 36 medicinal plant species used for both medicine and Jiuqian liquor starters (Table 6). For example, Lygodium japonicum is used to treat urinary tract infections, hepatitis, nephritis edema, and diarrhea, while the Miao people stew it with meat to strengthen their constitution [40]. Melastoma dodecandrum is used traditionally for expelling wind-damp. A few species are used for both food and medicine, such as Imperata cylindrica and Rosa roxburghii.
Table 6.
Plants used for both medicine and Jiuqian liquor starters
| Scientific name | Chinese name (pin yin) | Shui name | Part used as starter | Part used as medicine | Medicinal use and value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. | Long ya cao | Ma ban bie | Whole plant | Whole plant; root | Dysentery; bleeding |
| Ainsliaea fragrans Champ. | Xing xiang tu er feng | Pa zheng | Whole plant | Whole plant | Bruises; heat-clearing and detoxifying |
| Ardisia japonica (Thunb.) Blume | Zi jin niu | Za du | Aerial part | Stem; root | Hemostasis; bruises |
| Asplenium trichomanes L. | Tie jiao jue | Gang du gun | Whole plant | Whole plant | Drainage of pus and dissolving carbuncle |
| Bletilla striata (Thunb. ex Murray) Rchb. F. | Bai ji | Gang jie ba | Root | Tuber | Strengthen the spleen |
| Brandisia hancei Hook. F. | Lai jiang teng | Ma miao | Whole plant | Whole plant | Dysentery; dispelling wind and eliminating dampness |
| Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook. | Shan | Mei ao | Leaf | Bark; root; leaf | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness |
| Duhaldea cappa (Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don) Pruski & Anderberg | Yang er ju | Ma pang da | Aboveground part | Whole plant; root | Regulating the menstrual function to stop pain; eliminating cold stop pain |
| Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. | Hu tuo zi | Mei du | Fruit, leaf | Fruit; root; leaf | Antitussive; eliminating phlegm and stopping cough |
| Gardenia jasminoides Ellis | Zhi zi | Mei le | Leaf, fruit | Fruit | Blood cooling and arresting; heat-clearing and detoxifying |
| Gerbera piloselloides (L.) Cass. | Tu er yi zhi jian | Ba hao | Whole plant | Whole plant | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough; moistening lung for arresting cough |
| Glochidion puberum (L.) Hutch. | Suan pan zi | Mei nv ban | Stem, leaf, fruit | Fruit | Antidiarrheic |
| Gonostegia hirta (Bl.) Miq. | Nuo mi tuan | Ma ao xing | Whole plant | Whole plant | Heat-clearing and detoxifying; clearing heat; dehumidification |
| Hedera nepalensis K. Koch | Chang chun teng | Ma lian man | Whole plant | Stem; leaf | Removing pathogenic heat from the blood and toxic material from the body; dispelling wind and eliminating dampness |
| Hypericum japonicum Thunb. ex Murray | Di er cao | Ma ka di | Aboveground part | Whole plant | Hepatitis |
| Hypericum sampsonii Hance | Yuan bao cao | Ma suan long | Whole plant | Whole plant | Bruises |
| Imperata cylindrical (L.) Beauv | Bai mao | Gang yao man | Rhizome | Root; leaf; flower | Removing pathogenic heat from the blood and toxic material from the body |
| Leonurus japonicus Houttuyn | Yi mu cao | Ma ka bo | Stem, leaf | Whole plant; seed | Regulating the menstrual function to stop pain |
| Lilium brownii F. E. Brown ex Miellez | Ye bai he | Qiu ba | Bulb | Tuber | Moistening lung for arresting cough |
| Lophatherum gracile Brongn. | Dan zhu ye | Tu wa fen | Whole plant | Whole plant | Removing pathogenic heat from the blood and toxic material from the body |
| Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. | Hai jin sha | Mao nu ga | Whole plant | Root; stem | Inducing diuresis for removing edema |
| Melastoma dodecandrum Lour. | Di ren | Ma geng | Whole plant | Whole plant | Expelling wind-damp |
| Morella rubra Lour. | Yang mei | Ma kang | Leaf, fruit | Root | Hemostasis |
| Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl | Shen jue | ni ge ding | Whole plant | Tuber; leaf | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough |
| Paederia foetida L. | Ji shi teng | Yao de ma | Whole plant | Whole plant | Invigorates the spleen and promotes digestion |
| Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC. | Jie geng | Xiang dian | Root | Root | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough |
| Polygala japonica Houtt | Gua zi jin | Dong yao dong | Aboveground part | Whole plant; root | Eliminating phlegm and stopping cough |
| Portulaca oleracea L. | Ma chi xian | Ma wa fa | Aboveground part | Whole plant | Dysentery |
| Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willdenow) Maesen & S. M. Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep | Ge | Yao hai | Leaf | Tuber | Eczema; dispelling wind and eliminating dampness |
| Rohdea japonica (Thunb.) Roth | Wan nian qing | Gang ao mie | Leaf | Whole plant; root | Harmonizing stomach; appetizer digestion |
| Rosa laevigata Michx | Jin ying zi | Dou pang ya | Leaf, fruit | Fruit; root | Tonifying kidney |
| Rosa roxburghii Tratt. | Sao si hua | Pang ka | Leaf | Fruit; root | Harmonizing stomach |
| Sargentodoxa cuneata (Oliv.) Rehd. et Wils. | Da xue teng | Yao e nong | Rhizome | Root; stem | Strong bones and muscles |
| Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem | Xiang chun | Mei han ga | Leaf | Bark | Dispelling wind and eliminating dampness |
| Verbena officinalis L. | Ma bian cao | Ma ou | Aboveground part | Stem | Active blood and disperse stagnation |
| Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. | Hua jiao | Mei xiu | Leaf | Fruit | Killing parasites to relieve itching |
Although Shui medicine is based on the principles of male progenitor lineage, women are primarily responsible for brewing Jiuqian-jiu. The Shui believe that medicinal plants should be harvested around the Dragon Boat Festival to achieve the best curative effect. Therefore, on the morning of the Dragon Boat Festival, the experienced elder female team leader from a village leads other women up the mountains to harvest and clean the medicinal herbs. The team leader then turns the collected herbs into medicinal liquor, which is not easy to prepare, usually taking at least 3 months for fermentation. After the medicinal liquor has been cured, the team leader distributes it to each household, and the women mix it with steamed glutinous rice. After further fermentation, the sweet and nutritious Jiuqian-jiu is ready to drink. All villages in the Shui region participate in alcohol brewing. Sweet rice wine cooked with eggs is a vital source of nourishment for women during their postpartum period. In some villages, there is a tradition of sealing a bottle of freshly brewed alcohol upon a baby's birth, only to be unsealed when the child gets married or passes away, thereby serving as a way to honor ancestors and entertain guests. The most renowned liquor is Jiuqian wine, which has earned a reputation as a widely celebrated specialty.
In addition to medicinal liquor, the Shui often use their secret recipes for healing. For example, when a child’s bone is fractured, it can be fixed with a small splint made of Gonocarpus micranthus for 2 days and then wrapped in a poultice prepared with Sargentodoxa cuneata, Schisandra chinensis, and Eucommia ulmoides for 5 days. Finally, the broken limb is washed with a decoction of Sambucus williamsii, Dichondra micrantha, Rhus chinensis, Ficus tikoua, Sargentodoxa cuneata, and Heptapleurum heptaphyllum. This traditional medical practice involves the use of a number of species instead of a single herb, a common practice of Shui healers.
Although there are various forms of traditional medicine used by the Shui people, including soaking the plants in water to treat ailments like colds, coughs, diarrhea, and hemoptysis, or soaking them in alcohol to treat injuries and rheumatism, as well as using water or alcohol for external application to treat snake bites, insect bites, fractures, and cuts, there are not many other formulations, like ointments, pills, or powders. During treatment, patients are typically asked about their symptoms, but there are no standardized measurements or preparation methods. Thus, Shui traditional medicine is still at the early stage of experience-based treatment, awaiting a transition from empirical to theoretical knowledge, and the elevation of experience to theory.
Diseases treated and characteristics of Shui medicine
Shui medicinal plants are used to treat 85 human ailments [59]. The most prevalent ailments treated with documented medicinal plants are rheumatic diseases (78, 15.45%), bone fractures (63, 12.48%), gastrointestinal system diseases (53, 10.50%), heart and circulatory system (47, 9.31%), respiratory diseases (46, 9.11%), inflammation (44, 8.71%), tonic (27, 5.35%), liver diseases (25, 4.95%), insecticide and snake bite (18, 3.56%), urological diseases (15, 2.97%), ophthalmological diseases (8, 1.58%), gynecological problems (6, 1.19%), skin diseases (5, 0.99%), pediatric disease (4, 0.79%), and others (66, 13.07%) (Fig. 6).
Fig. 6.
Major functions of Shui medicinal plants
Disease incidence is often closely related to the local environment and climate, as well as ethnic activities and lifestyles [41]. According to the survey, Sandu had the largest number of healers who could effectively treat rheumatic disease, and this may be because Sandu is located in the Moon and the Leigong Mountains. This area is mountainous, with dense forests, high temperatures, rainy weather, wind, cold, and damp heat, and these climatic conditions are conducive to developing rheumatism. From the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, those who live in damp areas should expel wind from their body regularly to relieve constipation and improve their sleep quality, thereby improving their health [60]. Thus, due to their unique environment, Shui people have identified many herbs to treat rheumatism.
Moreover, herbs to treat fractures comprise a large proportion of Shui traditional medicines (Fig. 6). Bone fractures are an occupational hazard for local people engaged in agriculture and forestry. For example, a Shui healer may treat bone fractures with poultices prepared from fresh flowers and bark of Albizia julibrissin, Prunella vulgaris, and Gonostegia hirta. Also, a chicken's internal organs are removed and the chicken is filled with freshly macerated Reineckea carnea for external application to a fractured bone. During interviews with a Shui healer in Dahe Township, we learned that this method was used to successfully treat over 20 patients with bone fractures, with highly effective outcomes.
Popularity of medicinal plants and other health-promoting customs
The RFC (relative frequency of citation) was adopted to evaluate important plant species used by local healers to treat various diseases. From the 374 prescriptions investigated, the number of prescriptions mentioning plant species (FC) used ranged from 1 to 15. Calculations showed that 12 medicinal plant species had FC > 10 (Table 7). The RFC values calculated for these 12 medicinal plant species ranged from 0.027 to 0.041. The medicinal plants with higher RFC values included Isodon amethystoides, Asarum insigne, and Acorus tatarinowii.
Table 7.
Relative frequency of citation (RFC) of plant species mentioned in prescriptions, from high to low RFC
| Scientific name | FC | RFC | Scientific name | FC | RFC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acorus tatarinowii | 15 | 0.041 | Asparagus cochinchinensis | 12 | 0.031 |
| Asarum insigne | 15 | 0.041 | Rosa laevigata | 12 | 0.031 |
| Isodon amethystoides | 15 | 0.041 | Allium macrostemon | 11 | 0.029 |
| Aster indicus | 14 | 0.037 | Valeriana jatamansi | 11 | 0.029 |
| Chrysanthemum indicum | 14 | 0.037 | Bletilla striata | 10 | 0.027 |
| Gleditsia sinensis | 13 | 0.034 | Pueraria montana var. lobata | 10 | 0.027 |
The high RFC values in this study highlight the local healers and residents have a strong dependence on these 12 species of medicinal plants (Table 7). The higher the RFC value, the more familiar the local healers are with the species. Furthermore, and of great importance, these species were either highly effective or abundant and easy to obtain locally. Because of their popularity in Shui medicine, all of these plants should be further studied, focusing on their chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity, as well as evaluation of the efficacy and safety of local medicinal plants.
For example, Isodon amethystoides is widespread throughout Sandu County and is well known among the Shui people for its medicinal properties. Local traditional Shui healers use the whole plant or root to treat the cancer, autoimmune diseases, and other difficult-to-cure diseases. Compared with some Western medicines, Isodon amethystoides has significantly fewer side effects and can improve the body’s immunological function [61]. With the trend of using naturally occurring substances, drugs from plants have become increasingly important alternative medicines worldwide [62, 63]. Isodon amethystoides deserves further study for drug development.
Asarum insigne, a common substitute for Asarum heterotropoides, has significant pharmacological action, strong therapeutic effects, and easily sourced. In Sandu, it is widely used for the treatment of windchill pain, toothache, broken bones, snake bites, acute gastroenteritis, bacillary dysentery, windchill cough, windchill cold, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and chronic gastritis. Recent experiments have shown that the whole plant of Asarum insigne contains various amino acids and inorganic elements, and has anti-aging, blood pressure- and lipid-lowering effects [64]. Some researchers have processed it to make it more palatable, with a slightly floral aroma [65]. It is believed that through the application of state-of-the-art instruments such as high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, the effective pharmacological active components of Asarum insigne can be elucidated and it has the potential to be developed into an externally applied medicine.
Acorus tatarinowii is also an important Chinese medicinal material, which is used in the clinical treatment of forgetfulness, tinnitus, deafness, rheumatism, and pain [66]. The growth cycle of Acorus tatarinowii is typically 3–4 years, and its regeneration rate is slow after excessive harvesting. Thus, Acorus tatarinowii resources are in short supply because of the destruction of its natural environment, and thus the price of wildcrafted Acorus plants has been increasing in recent years. Wild Acorus tatarinowii resources are mainly found in remote mountains, and harvesting has become more difficult since young Shui men have been abandoning rural villages for better jobs in urban areas (Table 4). Harvesting wild Acorus is mainly left to some older farmers, and this increases the labor cost, resulting in more expensive Acorus tatarinowii, especially compared with other medicinal herbs.
The Shui people have various customs in their daily life that are closely related to their health. For instance, during festivals, they use Paederia foetida to make rice cakes, and they create “Hui Zong Ba” by mixing glutinous rice with burned rice straw ash, which is rich in calcium, potassium, and other essential elements that supplement their health [65]. As a substitute for tea, the Shui people often drink Ligustrum japonicum, which has the beneficial effects of clearing heat and detoxifying the body. Additionally, Pseudognaphalium affine, a popular wild vegetable for Shui people, has the property of relieving coughs and reducing phlegm (Table 5). The Shui people use Strobilanthes cusia to dye their traditional clothing, which has a therapeutic effect that translates from Chinese to English as “clothing therapy” [66].
Paederia foetida, commonly known as “Jishiteng” in Chinese, has leaves that emit a distinct odor resembling chicken feces when crushed. However, this plant is believed to have medicinal properties that nourish yin and strengthen yang, invigorate qi and blood in the Shui community (Table 5). Glutinous rice cultivation has a long history among Shui communities, who have developed many methods of processing it. One of their favorite delicacies is a steamed cake made by mixing Paederia foetida with glutinous rice. To prepare this dish, glutinous rice is soaked in water for 3–4 h, while the freshly picked Paederia foetida leaves are cleaned, chopped and the juice is extracted through a cheesecloth. The extracted juice is then mixed with glutinous rice powder. A pot of water is brought to boil and sugar is added until it dissolves. The water with sugar is then poured into the glutinous rice and Paederia foetida juice mixture, stirring until evenly distributed. A steaming dish is greased and the mixture is poured in, then steamed in layers until fully cooked. The result is a tasty and fragrant Paederia foetida glutinous rice cake that is considered beneficial to health. Adding glutinous rice and sugar not only eliminates the odor of Paederia foetida, but also imparts a pleasant fragrance to the dish.
The Shui people weave their own clothing and traditionally dye it blue using indigo, Strobilanthes cusia. Even today, those living in rural areas continue to favor indigo-dyed clothes. The Shui often engage in outdoor labor, frequently scratching their hands and feet, so wearing indigo clothes may help to prevent wound infections and alleviate skin itching (Table 5).
Conclusion
The Sandu region boasts abundant medicinal plant resources, and the Shui people have a long-standing tradition of utilizing these plants to treat various ailments in their daily lives. In this study, we analyzed the data collected from 15 healers and another 132 informants who used fresh or dried herbal medicinal material of 505 plant species to treat a wide spectrum of illnesses and diseases, which belong to 405 genera from 156 families, with Fabaceae being the highest represented plant family. Most of the Shui medicinal plants are herbaceous, and healers most commonly use the whole plants in their treatments. Of the 85 different diseases treated by these medicinal plants, a significant number were to treat rheumatism and bone fractures, which may correlate with the local living and environmental conditions. The local people commonly used three medicinal plant species: Isodon amethystoides, Asarum insigne, and Acorus tatarinowii. Further studies on their chemistry, biological activity, and toxicity are needed for potentially developing new pharmaceutical products.
Based on field investigations, this study has comprehensively collected, organized, analyzed, evaluated, and summarized the medicinal plant resources and associated traditional knowledge developed and utilized by the Shui people. The results provide strong scientific evidence for the future development, utilization, and protection of Shui medicine. However, it is important to acknowledge that traditional medicinal knowledge and medicinal plants face great threats from rapid urbanization.
For instance, Jiuqian Town had the highest per capita distribution of healers (Pch), only one local healer was in Zhonghe Township. Of the 15 local healers surveyed in this study, only two were younger than 40 years old. Men and older healers with less education possess most of the knowledge regarding herbal remedies. Meanwhile, most younger people prefer to look for jobs in urban areas instead of studying traditional medicinal knowledge in the countryside. Thus, there is an urgent need to implement policies and practices for the conservation of medicinal plants and their associated traditional knowledge. This will ensure that this valuable knowledge is not lost to future generations.
Acknowledgements
We would like to acknowledge the local informants, especially the herbal healers who participated in the surveys and shared their knowledge with us. Without their contribution, this study would have been impossible. We thank Prof. Edward Kennelly (Lehman College, City University of New York) for carefully proofreading this manuscript.
Author contributions
CLL designed the research and botanically identified the plants. SZL, BXZ and CLL carried out the fieldworks for this study. Co-first authors SZL and BXZ reviewed the literature and analyzed the data. All authors provided comments, revised the manuscript, and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31761143001, 31870316) and Minzu University of China (2020MDJC03, 2022ZDPY10 and 2023GJAQ09).
Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Permission was provided by all participants in this study, including the Shui healers and local people. Consent was obtained from the local communities prior to the field investigations. The authors hold all copyrights.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Footnotes
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Sizhao Liu and Beixi Zhang contributed equally to this work
Contributor Information
Sizhao Liu, Email: 1044496599@qq.com.
Beixi Zhang, Email: 2220232400@qq.com.
Qiyi Lei, Email: leiqiyi@126.com.
Jiangju Zhou, Email: kxky2012@126.com.
Maroof Ali, Email: maroof@xtbg.ac.cn.
Chunlin Long, Email: long.chunlin@muc.edu.cn.
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Data Availability Statement
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.