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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 May 31.
Published in final edited form as: Methods Mol Biol. 2023;2557:303–332. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2639-9_20

Table 2. Comparison of non-viral and viral systems in protein expression.

Non-viral
 Viral
Liposome Molecular conjugate γ-retrovirus Lentivirus
Genome DNA plus lipid DNA plus polypeptide ssRNA (7–20 kb) ssRNA (9 kb)
Packaging capacity >10 kb >10 kb 6–10 kb 8–9 kb
Transduction Dividing/non-dividing cells Dividing/non-dividing cells Dividing cells Dividing/non-dividing cells
Transduction efficiency Low Low Moderate Moderate
Expression Transient Transient Stable Stable
Integration No No Integrating Integrating
Biosafety level BSL-1 BSL-1 BSL-2 BSL-2
Immunogenicity Low Low Moderate–high Moderate–high
Gene therapy strategy Ex vivo Ex vivo Ex vivo Ex vivo