Table 3.
Factors associated with psychological distress† for women and men living with HIV
| Independent variables | Women (n=99) | Men (n=464) | ||||||||||
| Crude analysis | Crude analysis+core variables‡ | Adjusted analysis | Crude analysis | Crude analysis+core variables‡ | Adjusted analysis | |||||||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Age (grouped each 5 years) | 1.01 | (0.97–1.05) | 1.00 | (0.96–1.04) | 1.00 | (0.98–1.02) | 1.00 | (0.98–1.02) | ||||
| Education level completed (upper secondary, university) | ||||||||||||
| Illiterate, primary, lower secondary | 1.8 | (0.8–4.2) | 1.2 | (0.8–1.9) | 1.2 | (0.8–1.9) | 1.2 | (0.8–1.9) | ||||
| Cohabitation (living with a partner) | ||||||||||||
| Living alone, others | 0.9 | (0.4–2.1) | 0.7 | (0.3–1.7) | 2.3 | (1.5–3.4)* | 2.3 | (1.5–3.4)* | 2.0 | (1.3–3.0)* | ||
| Work status (employed) | ||||||||||||
| Unemployed | 1.8 | (0.7–4.4) | 1.6 | (0.6–4.3) | 2.2 | (1.4–3.4)* | 2.2 | (1.4–3.5)* | 2.3 | (1.4–3.6)* | ||
| Pensioner, retiree, student, housewife, others | 2.5 | (0.9–7.2) | 2.3 | (0.7–7.3) | 1.6 | (0.8–3.1) | 1.6 | (0.8–3.2) | ||||
| Monthly income (>633€) | ||||||||||||
| ≈<633€ or not monthly income | 2.8 | (1.1–7.1)* | 2.7 | (0.9–7.9) | 1.5 | (1.0–2.3)* | 1.5 | (1.0–2.4)* | ||||
| Household income (>900€) | ||||||||||||
| ≤900€ | 2.5 | (1.4–4.4)* | 2.5 | (1.4–4.5)* | ||||||||
| On psychoactive drugs (no) | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 7.1 | (2.2–22.8)* | 8.3 | (2.4–29.1)* | 8.0 | (2.0–31.8)* | 3.0 | (1.7–5.3)* | 3.1 | (1.8–5.6)* | 2.2 | (1.2–4.1)* |
| Stimulants last month (no) | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.6 | (1.0–2.5)* | 1.6 | (1.0–2.5) | ||||||||
| Self-perceived health (very good, good) | ||||||||||||
| Fair, bad, very bad | 4.2 | (1.9–10.3)* | 3.7 | (1.4–9.7)* | 4.0 | (1.3–11.9)* | 3.2 | (2.0–5.2)* | 3.2 | (1.9–5.2)* | 2.8 | (1.6–4.7)* |
| Physical activity (once to several times a week) | ||||||||||||
| None to several times a month | 4.0 | (1.7–9.5)* | 3.8 | (1.5–9.5)* | 3.1 | (1.1–9.0)* | 1.4 | (1.0–2.1) | 1.4 | (0.9–2.1) | ||
| Years after HIV diagnosis (until 3 years) | ||||||||||||
| 3–6 | 1.2 | (0.4–3.6) | 1.3 | (0.4–4.1) | 1.0 | (0.5–1.7) | 1.0 | (0.5–1.7) | ||||
| 6–29 | 0.7 | (0.3–1.8) | 0.7 | (0.3–1.9) | 1.3 | (0.7–2.2) | 1.3 | (0.8–2.2) | ||||
| Unknown | 4.7 | (0.5–45.9) | 4.7 | (0.5–44.4) | 1.3 | (0.8–2.1) | 1.3 | (0.8–2.0) | ||||
| HIV infection status (A primary infection, non-symptomatic) | ||||||||||||
| B symptomatic§ | 1.0 | (0.3–3.4) | 0.9 | (0.2–3.1) | 0.2 | (0.1–0.8)* | 0.2 | (0.1–0.8)* | 0.2 | (0.1–0.8)* | ||
| C AIDS | 0.3 | (0.1–1.6) | 0.2 | (0.04–1.5) | 0.7 | (0.3–1.8) | 0.6 | (0.2–1.6) | ||||
| cART (adherence) | ||||||||||||
| Non-adherence | 3.6 | (1.4–9.4)* | 4.2 | (1.4–11.8)* | 4.6 | (1.4–15.1)* | 2.4 | (1.4–4.2)* | 2.4 | (1.4–4.2)* | 2.3 | (1.3–4.2)* |
| Non-user | 5.9 | (1.9–17.9)* | 6.7 | (2.1–21.9)* | 8.4 | (2.2–32.4)* | 1.7 | (1.1–2.6)* | 1.7 | (1.1–2.8)* | 1.8 | (1.1–2.8)* |
| On emtricitabine (no) | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.7 | (0.3–1.6) | 0.6 | (0.3–1.5) | 0.8 | (0.5–1.2) | 0.8 | (0.5–1.2) | ||||
| On nevirapine (no) | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.2 | (0.3–4.6) | 1.4 | (0.3–5.7) | 2.4 | (0.9–6.9) | 2.5 | (0.9–7.1) | ||||
| On efavirenz (no) | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.4 | (0.2–1.0)* | 0.3 | (0.1–0.8)* | 0.6 | (0.4–0.9)* | 0.6 | (0.4–0.9)* | ||||
| On atazanavir (no) | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.0 | (0.2–4.2) | 1.5 | (0.3–7.0) | 1.9 | (0.8–4.6) | 2.0 | (0.8–4.9) | ||||
Reference categories are shown in brackets.
*p<0.05.
†General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) scores of 3 or higher.
‡Age, years after HIV diagnosis and education level completed.
§Of them, 10 (40%) lived with a partner, 15 (60%) were employed, 23 (92%) were not on psychoactive drugs, 22 (88%) reported good self-perceived health, 16 (64%) had cART adherence and 24 (96%) were not on atazanavir.
cART, combined antiretroviral therapy.