Table 1.
Study characteristics
| Sl. no | Author, year | Location | Diagnostic criteria/tools | Study (population)/selection method | N (female %) | Age (mean, SD) | Prevalence/association of BD in MS |
| 1 | de Cerqueira, 201520 | Brazil | McDonalds Criteria for MS, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (V.5) for DSM-IV, Beck Inventory for Anxiety | Cross-sectional study between January 2012 and December 2013. Convenience sample of consecutive patients with MS (age 19–65) from a public university-based outpatient service for Neuroimmunology in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. | 60 (76.7) | 43–11.8 | Prevalence of BD: 8/60 |
| 2 | Demakis, 200921 | USA | Physician-documented diagnosis coded in the data base. | Admission assessments for year 2000 from minimum data set, a federally mandated national database, of all residents in Medicare and Medicaid certified nursing facilities/nursing home residents in the USA. | 924 (72) | 57.5–13.5 | Prevalence of BD: 21/924 |
| 3 | Edwards, 200422 | UK | Outpatient clinic database. | Consecutive outpatients (18–80 years) attending a MS clinic at University Hospital, Nottingham, between June 2002 and June 2003 | 658 (69) | 45, NA | Prevalence of BD: 02/658 |
| 4 | Espinola-Nadurille, 201023 | Mexico | DSM-IV, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I), MADRS, HAM-D, HAM-A, EDSS. | Consecutive patients who fulfilled McDonald criteria for the diagnosis of MS after the evaluation by two neurologists. | 37 (64.8) | 36.3–11.5 | Prevalence of BD: 06/37 |
| 5 | Feinstein, 200124 | Canada | SCID-1, Pathological Laughing and Crying Scale, BDI, 28 item General Health Questionnaire. | A consecutive sample of 100 patients with clinically definite MS. | 100 (69) | 44.6–11.4 | Prevalence of BD: 0/100 |
| 6 | Galeazzi, 200525 | Italy | SCID- I, BDI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) | 50 consecutive patients with clinical relapsing–remitting MS | 50 (52) | 34.9–9 | Lifetime prevalence of BD: 03/50 |
| 7 | Gerber, 201726 | Canada | Health administrative database using ICD-10-CA and ICD-9-CM | Patientswith MS (aged 35–55) started on disease-modifying therapy during 1 April 2011 to 31 March 2014, from Alberta health system administrative data. | 2864 (73.8) | NA | Prevalence of BD: 136/2864 |
| 8 | Horton, 201027 | Canada and USA | Self-administered questionnaire and review of medical records | Patients18 years or older, followed at the provincial MS Clinic at the Health Sciences Centre in Winnipeg, Man., Canada and the MS Clinic (Mellen Centre) at the Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland, Ohio, USA | 404 (76) | 46.5–11.8 | Prevalence of BD: 03/404 |
| 9 | Joffe, 198728 | Canada | Schizophrenia-Lifetime Version, BDI, Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory, Symptom Checklist-90 Revised. Psychiatric diagnoses were determined independently for each patient by two investigators. | Consecutive 100 patients of age range 20–71, who kept their regular appointment at the St. Michael’s hospital, Toronto | 100 (63) | 42.3–13 | Lifetime prevalence of BD: 13/100 |
| 10 | Jun-O' Connell, 201729 | USA | Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 (MSQOL-54), Mood Disorder Questionnaire, SCID-I/NP by psychiatry trained physicians | Consecutive patients with a diagnosis of MS by 2010 revised McDonald Criteria and an age of between 18 and 90 years old were enrolled between January 2014 and May 2015. | 152 (75) | 49, NA | Prevalence of BD: 10/152 |
| 11 | Kotan, 201930 | Turkey | Neurological examinations were done by a neurologist. SCID-1-TR,Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, MSQOL-54, Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale-Self Report (PAIS-SR), Quality of Life Scale Short Form 36, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. | Patients who applied to Neurology department and were diagnosed as MS were recruited | 227 (71.8) | 37–9.9 | Prevalence of BD: 4/227 |
| 12 | Kurnaz, 201931 | Turkey | Data from Medical records evaluated retrospectively. | 126patients with MS with no comorbidities at MS onset | 126 (70.6) | 43.1–12.6 | Prevalence of BD: 4/126 |
| 13 | Laroni, 201732 | Italy | McDonald criteria, EDSS, Patient databases | Newly diagnosed patients with MS enrolled longitudinally in 20 MS centres in Italy with a diagnosis of MS since 2010. | 1877 (64.9) | 35.3–11.3 | Prevalence of BD: 11/1877 |
| 14 | Lo fermo, 201033 | Italy | Medical records data, DSM-IV-TR, EDSS | Retrospective review of medical records of patients with MS during the period 1997–2007 at University of Catania’s MS Centre | 682 (NA) | NA | Prevalence of BD: 1/682 |
| 15 | Lorefice, 201534 | Italy | Poser’s classification, McDonald criteria, DSM-IV criteria, Advanced Neuropsychiatric Tools and Assessment Schedule (ANTAS), semi structured clinical interview derived in part from the nonpatient version (SCID-I/NP) for DSM-IV, (ANTAS-SCID), brief repeatable battery of neuropsychological tests | Outpatients affected by MS, consecutively referred to the MS Centres of the University of Cagliari, Sardinia | 240 (69.6) | 40.6–9.8 | Prevalence of BD: 36/240 |
| 16 | Marrie, 200936 | USA | North American Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis (NARCOMS), a self-report registry for patients with MS. | Responders to the NARCOMS Fall 2006 Update questionnaire | 8828 (NA) | NA | Prevalence of BD: 213/8828 |
| 17 | Marrie, 201535 | Canada | Diagnosis codes, ICD-9 or ICD-10-CA system from administrative health database. | Data from 4 Canadian provinces-Canadian provinces, British Columbia, Manitoba, Quebec, and Nova Scotia in 2005 | 44 452 (71.3) | 43.8–13.7 | Prevalence of BD: 2089/44452 |
| 18 | Passarell, 201737 | Spain | Administrative health database | Population-based administrative health data of adult patients with MS from Catalonia | 5548 (69.7) | 48.26–12.73 | Prevalence of BD: 45/5548 |
| 19 | Ron, 198938 | UK | Clinical Interview Schedule, BDI, Social Stress and Support Interview, Mini Mental State Exam, DSM-III-R | 116patients with a definite MS diagnosis (age 23–67) from a larger pool of consecutive attendees for an MRI study in MS at the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases | 116 (68.1) | 38.8, NA | Lifetime prevalence of BD: 8/116 |
| 20 | Uca, 201639 | Turkey | McDonalds Criteria for MS, DSM-IV-SCID-I/CV, DSM-III-R-SCID-II, EDSS | 55 relapsing-remitting patients with MS admitted to Clinic of Neurology, Konya | 55 (85.5) | 34.07–8.16 | Prevalence of BD: 0/55 |
| 21 | Uguz, 200840 | Turkey | DSM-IV (SCID-I), EDSS | Consecutive patients (18–65 years of age) from MS Outpatient Clinic between February 2005 and October 2005. | 74 (67.6) | 34.57–11.93 | Prevalence of BD: 1/74 |
| 22 | Wang, 201841 | Taiwan | ICD-9-CM codes from database | Patients with systemic autoimmune diseases from The National Health Insurance Research Database 2000–2011 | 1060 (NA) | NA | Prevalence of BD: 4/1060 |
| 23 | Weaver, 201942 | Chile | Psychological profile, Outcome Rating Scale, and Session Rating Scale following individual and group sessions | Patients with MS who were at risk of developing emotional distress refered by their neurologists | 162 (70) | NA | Bipolar disorder: 4% |
DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; HAM-A, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; HAM-D, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; ICD-10-CA, International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, enhanced Canadian version; ICD-10-CM, International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification; MADRS, Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale; MS, multiple sclerosis; NA, not available.