Table 2.
Distribution of baseline characteristics in spironolactone-exposed and unexposed individuals before and after propensity score matching.
| Full cohort | Matched cohort | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Exposed n = 30,939 |
Unexposed n = 2,083,402 |
SMD | Exposed n = 10,726 |
Unexposed n = 10,726a |
SMD |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| <55 | 5389 (17.4) | 549,459 (26.4) | 0.19 | 1683 (15.7) | 1716 (16.0) | 0.03 |
| 55–59 | 6747 (21.8) | 425,267 (20.4) | 2059 (19.2) | 2171 (20.2) | ||
| 60–64 | 12,016 (38.8) | 682,783 (32.8) | 4227 (39.4) | 4198 (39.1) | ||
| ≥65 | 6787 (21.9) | 425,893 (20.4) | 2757 (25.7) | 2641 (24.6) | ||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White | 20,573 (66.5) | 1,413,221 (67.8) | 0.13 | 7317 (68.2) | 7195 (67.1) | 0.06 |
| Black | 7136 (23.1) | 391,367 (18.8) | 2401 (22.4) | 2459 (22.9) | ||
| Hispanic | 1,315 (4.3) | 108,479 (5.2) | 357 (3.3) | 480 (4.5) | ||
| Other | 704 (2.3) | 61,807 (3.0) | 253 (2.4) | 231 (2.2) | ||
| Missing | 1211 (3.9) | 108,528 (5.2) | 398 (3.7) | 361 (3.4) | ||
| Male sex | 29,540 (95.5) | 1,958,068 (94.0) | 0.06 | 10,229 (95.4) | 10,177 (94.9) | 0.03 |
| HCV+ | 4822 (15.6) | 119,706 (5.8) | 0.33 | 979 (9.1) | 1290 (12.0) | 0.06 |
| AUD | ||||||
| Never | 20,398 (65.9) | 1,676,893 (80.5) | 0.32 | 7503 (70.0) | 7417 (69.2) | 0.07 |
| Lifetime | 3162 (10.2) | 187,489 (9.0) | 1202 (11.2) | 1389 (13.0) | ||
| Current | 7379 (23.9) | 219,020 (10.5) | 2021 (18.8) | 1920 (17.9) | ||
| Substance use treatment program visit | 9108 (29.4) | 323,974 (15.6) | 0.31 | 2095 (19.5) | 1912 (17.8) | 0.05 |
| Any hospitalization | 9976 (32.2) | 169,306 (8.1) | 0.64 | 2873 (26.8) | 2280 (21.3) | 0.18 |
| Coronary artery disease | 11,743 (38.0) | 281,078 (13.5) | 0.55 | 4673 (43.6) | 3983 (37.1) | 0.16 |
| Diabetes | 12,255 (39.6) | 444,048 (21.3) | 0.38 | 4793 (44.7) | 4631 (43.2) | 0.04 |
| Hepatic decompensation | 4515 (14.6) | 5492 (0.3) | 0.57 | 201 (1.9) | 209 (1.9) | 0.06 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 19,366 (62.6) | 1,139,384 (54.7) | 0.01 | 7676 (71.6) | 7181 (67.0) | 0.08 |
| Abdominal pain | 11,201 (36.2) | 512,747 (24.6) | 0.19 | 3693 (34.4) | 3588 (33.5) | 0.04 |
| Chest pain | 12,017 (38.8) | 464,716 (22.3) | 0.30 | 4498 (41.9) | 4015 (37.4) | 0.11 |
| Any chronic pain | 26,863 (86.8) | 1,722,836 (82.7) | 0.01 | 9466 (88.3) | 9590 (89.4) | 0.03 |
| Number of medications | ||||||
| ≤5 | 6163 (19.9) | 1,553,268 (74.6) | 1.29 | 1573 (14.7) | 1640 (15.3) | 0.13 |
| 6–10 | 12,531 (40.5) | 374,143 (18.0) | 4483 (41.8) | 4804 (44.8) | ||
| ≥11 | 12,245 (39.6) | 155,991 (7.5) | 4670 (43.5) | 4283 (39.9) | ||
| VACS Index score | ||||||
| <20 | 117 (0.4) | 38,767 (1.9) | 0.80 | 39 (0.4) | 35 (0.3) | 0.03 |
| 20–34 | 7748 (25.0) | 1,035,820 (49.7) | 3151 (29.4) | 3033 (28.3) | ||
| 35–54 | 14,501 (46.9) | 701,034 (33.7) | 5734 (53.5) | 5702 (53.2) | ||
| ≥55 | 6393 (20.7) | 55,826 (2.7) | 961 (9.0) | 1224 (11.4) | ||
| Missing | 2180 (7.1) | 251,955 (12.1) | 841 (7.8) | 732 (6.8) | ||
All statistics reported as n (%); up to five unexposed individuals were matched to each exposed individual.
SMD standardized mean difference, HCV hepatitis C virus, AUD alcohol use disorder, VACS Veterans Aging Cohort Study.
a
Unexposed matches were weighted according to the number of matches.