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. 2023 May 17;14:1166440. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1166440

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Copyright © 2023 Yang, He, Feng and Xiang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Comprehensive review of depressed cellular immunity in obesity-related HCC. Due to the proximity of the liver to visceral adipose tissue, the HCC TME can be easily influenced by adipose metabolites. In order to adapt to this abnormal metabolic environment, immune cells undergo metabolic shift and thus phenotypic change. While immune effector cells are depressed due to restricted glycolysis and exhausted marker expressions, immunosuppressive cells take full advantage of increased availability to lipids and exhibit enhanced functions.