Table 4.
Results of univariate linear regression models investigating the association between the relative increase in stroke volume (%) and primary endpoint echo variables (1), secondary endpoint echo variables (2), as well as selected epidemiological baseline variables (3).
| Parameter | Regression coefficient | 95% CI | p-value | Parameter | Regression coefficient | 95% CI | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary endpoint echo variables | |||||||
| Grade of diastolic dysfunction | 0.64 | −3.21–4.49 | 0.740 | E-wave deceleration time | 0.01 | −0.04–0.06 | 0.781 |
| E/A ratio | −0.11 | −6.48–6.26 | 0.973 | S-wave velocity | 0.17 | −0.11–0.44 | 0.220 |
| E/E’ septal | −0.02 | −0.41–0.38 | 0.933 | D-wave velocity | −0.06 | −0.29–0.17 | 0.604 |
| Averaged E/E’ | 0.04 | −0.51–0.58 | 0.898 | S/D ratio | 4.05 | −4.24–12.35 | 0.329 |
| Secondary endpoint echo variables | |||||||
| LV EF | −0.21 | −0.53–0.11 | 0.191 | LAVI | 0.03 | −0.23–0.29 | 0.815 |
| LV GLPSS | 0.12 | −0.89–1.12 | 0.814 | LA GLPSS | 0.02 | −0.42–0.46 | 0.915 |
| LV-EDD | 0.04 | −0.48–0.56 | 0.885 | LASr | 0.01 | −0.26–0.28 | 0.959 |
| LV-EDV | 0.03 | −0.06–0.12 | 0.512 | LAScd | 0.15 | −0.48–0.78 | 0.623 |
| LV-ESD | 0.11 | −0.31–0.52 | 0.603 | LASct | −0.001 | −0.54–0.54 | 0.996 |
| LV-ESV | 0.06 | −0.07–0.18 | 0.390 | TAPSE | 0.21 | −0.56–0.98 | 0.589 |
| LA volume | 0.03 | −0.10–0.16 | 0.673 | RACE | −0.003 | −0.82–0.82 | 0.994 |
| Baseline variables | |||||||
| Age | −0.07 | −0.39–0.26 | 0.682 | Amount of ventricular pacing | −0.02 | −0.89–0.85 | 0.965 |
| Sex (female) | −4.69 | −13.00–3.62 | 0.260 | Optimized AV-delay | 0.02 | −0.06–0.10 | 0.670 |
| BMI | −0.31 | −1.34–0.72 | 0.551 | Heart rate (DDD/VVI) | −0.18/−0.16 | −0.46–0.10/−0.45–0.13 | 0.201/0.276 |
| BP syst | 0.07 | −0.10–0.24 | 0.416 | H/o diabetes | −4.14 | −11.72–3.44 | 0.276 |
| BP diast | 0.13 | −0.11–0.37 | 0.289 | GFR | 0.06 | −0.12–0.25 | 0.487 |
| Amount of atrial pacing | −0.003 | −0.13–0.12 | 0.963 | H/o AMI | −10.71 | −19.94–−1.48 | 0.024 |
CI, confidence interval; LV, left ventricular; EF, ejection fraction; GLPSS, global longitudinal peak systolic strain; EDD, end-diastolic diameter; ESD, end-systolic diameter; EDV, end-diastolic volume; ESV, end-systolic volume; LA, left atrial; LAVI, left atrial volume index; LASr, left atrial reservoir strain; LAScd, left atrial conduit strain; LASct, left atrial contraction strain; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; RACE, right atrial contraction excursion; BMI, body mass index; BP syst, systolic blood pressure; BP diast, diastolic blood pressure; h/o, history of; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; AMI, acute myocardial infarction.