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. 2023 May 17;11:1147862. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1147862

Table 1.

Characteristics of study participants.

Demographic variables Total (N = 5,829) Simplification (Sample A, N = 2,915) Validation (Sample B, N = 2,914) p-value
Gender
Male 2,891 (49.6%) 1,448 (49.67%) 1,443 (49.52%) 0.91
Female 2,938 (50.4%) 1,467 (50.33%) 1,471 (50.48%)
Subgroups of age
60–69 2,925 (50.18%) 1,473 (50.53%) 1,452 (49.83%)
70–79 2,166 (37.16%) 1,077 (36.95%) 1,089(37.37%) 0.65
≥80 or over 738 (12.66%) 365 (12.52%) 373(12.80%)
Ethnicity
Han 5,614 (96.3%) 2,811 (96.43%) 2,803(96.19%) 0.63
Other 215 (3.7%) 104 (3.57%) 111(3.81%)
Type of residence
Urban 4,505 (77.29%) 2,252 (77.26%) 2,253(77.32%) 0.96
Rural 1,324 (22.71%) 663 (22.74%) 661(22.68%)
Education
Illiterate or Primary school 1,625 (27.88%) 794 (27.24%) 831(28.52%)
Junior high school 2,129 (36.52%) 1,056 (36.23%) 1,073(36.82%) 0.65
Senior high school or above 2075 (35.60%) 1,065 (36.54%) 1,010(34.66%)
Marital status
Married 4,856 (83.30%) 2,441 (83.74%) 2,415(82.88%) 0.38
Unmarried, Divorced, or Widow 973 (16.69%) 474 (16.26%) 499(17.12%)
Smoking condition
Never Smoking 3,855 (66.13%) 1,951 (66.93%) 1904 (65.34%)
Smoking 1,155 (19.81%) 562 (19.28%) 593(20.35%) 0.25
Smoked, but quit now 819 (14.05%) 402 (13.79%) 417(14.31%)
Medical insurance
Yes 5,721 (98.15%) 2,852 (97.84%) 2,869(98.46%) 0.09
No 108 (18.34%) 63 (2.16%) 45(1.54%)
Cognitive ability
Cognitive normal 3,941 (67.60%) 1978 (67.86%) 1963(67.36%) 0.69
Cognitive impairment 1,888 (32.40%) 937 (32.14%) 951(32.64%)
Total scores of health literacy (Mean ± SD) 39.20 ± 12.80 39.31 ± 12.69 39.08 ± 12.91 0.49
Scores of three dimensions (Mean ± SD)
Knowledge and attitudes 17.24 ± 5.57 17.27 ± 5.53 17.20 ± 5.61 0.63
Behavior and lifestyle 12.79 ± 4.90 12.83 ± 4.89 12.74 ± 4.91 0.51
Health-related skills 9.17 ± 3.61 9.22 ± 3.57 9.13 ± 3.64 0.34
Health literacy*
Less than 80% of total scores 4,921 (84.4%) 2,460(84.4%) 2,461(84.50%) 0.97
80% of total scores or above 908 (15.6%) 455(15.6%) 453(15.50%)

*The scores of 80% or more was the cutoff value with health literacy in CRHLS.