TABLE 2.
Participant characteristics (n = 32)
| Demographic characteristics of participants | ||
|---|---|---|
| Age, median (interquartile range (IQR)) | 34.5 years (29.75–38 years) | |
| Race and ethnicitya, n (%) | ||
| Latina | 7 | 21.9% |
| Latina and Black | 5 | 15.6% |
| Black | 20 | 62.5% |
| Educational attainment, n (%) | ||
| High school graduate or GEDb | 6 | 18.8% |
| Some college or associate’s degree | 7 | 21.9% |
| Bachelors degree or more | 19 | 59.4% |
| Health insurance, n (%) | ||
| Public | 21 | 65.6% |
| Private | 11 | 34.4% |
| Annual household income, n (%) | ||
| $20,000 or less | 4 | 12.5% |
| $21–50,000 | 13 | 40.6% |
| $50,000 or more | 15 | 46.9% |
| Currently working, n (%) | ||
| Yes | 12 | 37.5% |
| No—maternity leave | 6 | 18.8% |
| No—other reasons | 14 | 43.8% |
| Health characteristics of participants | ||
| Age of diabetes diagnosis, median (IQR) | 21.5 years (14–29.75 years) | |
| Duration of diabetes since diagnosis median (IQR) | 10 years (4.74–20 years) | |
| Most recent HbA1cc | ||
| 5.8%−7.5% | 8 | 25.0% |
| 7.51%−9.01% | 5 | 15.6% |
| 9.0%−15.0% | 14 | 43.8% |
| Do not know | 5 | 15.6% |
| Current management in addition to diet and exercise | ||
| None | 12 | 37.5% |
| Medication (not insulin) | 9 | 28.1% |
| Insulin (with or without other medications) | 11 | 34.4% |
| Diabetes distress scale (DDS)d, median (IQR) | 1.8 (1.1–2.7) | |
| Perceived stress scale (PSS)e, median (IQR) | 16 (10–22.75) | |
| Family characteristics of participants | ||
| Relationship status | ||
| Single or dating casually | 13 | 40.6% |
| Cohabitating | 7 | 21.9% |
| Married | 12 | 37.5% |
| Parenting status | ||
| Not parenting | 14 | 43.7% |
| Parenting one biological child | 10 | 31.3% |
| Parenting more than one biological child | 8 | 25.0% |
Of the Black participants, eight were born outside of the United States in Uganda, England, Ghana or Kenya. Of the Latina participants, one was born outside of the continental United States. Half of the Hispanic participants reported their family originated in Puerto Rico, while the other half reported that their families originated from Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, or Venezuela.
Tests of General Educational Development (GED) is an alternative to a traditional high school diploma in the United States.
HbA1c values converted to International Federation of Clinical Chemistry IFCC units: 5.8%–7.5% is IFCC 39.9–58.5 mmol/mol; HbA1c 7.51%–9.0% is 58.6–74.9 mmol/mol; 9.01%–15.0% is 75.0–140.0 mmol/mol.
Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS) values 1.9 or below indicate low diabetes distress, between 2.0 and 2.9 indicate moderate diabetes distress and 3.0 or above indicates high diabetes distress.12
Percieved Stress Scale (PSS) values 13 or below indicate low percieved stress, between 14 and 26 indicate moderate perceived stress and 27 and 40 indicate high perceived stress.11