Fig. 5.

Plasma metabolite profiles in COVID-19 patients. The levels (mM) of metabolites were measured in plasma samples of naïve control (Normal), adult and paediatric (Ped) COVID-19 patients by ¹H NMR spectroscopy relative to formate added during the sample preparation. The symbol represents the level in individual participants and the bar represents mean±SD. P *<0.05, **<0.01 and ***<0.001 are for the comparison of adult COVID-19 patients with naïve controls. P ^#<0.05 and ^##<0.01 for comparison of COVID-19 children with COVID-19 adults. The metabolites on X-axis include glucose (Glc), lactate (Lac), alanine (Ala), glutamine (Gln), leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile), valine (Val), phenylalanine (Phe), tyrosine (Tyr), citrate (Cit), acetate (Ace), succinate (Suc), choline (Cho) and phosphocholine (PC).