Fig. 3 ∣. Reliability and latency of error responses in macaques and humans.

Each piece of data is shown for both species for visual comparison. a,b, Single-trial reliability of the error-related negativity (ERN) amplitude at the scalp (left) and intracranial (right) level is high in both species. Each plot is from an individual session. c,d, Single-trial latency of the intracranial ERN (iERN) (left) and error neurons (right). In both species and with both metrics, error signals consistently appear first in the superior frontal gyrus. AUC, area under the curve; CDF, cumulative distribution function; MCC, middle cingulate cortex; pre-SMA, pre-supplementary motor area; SEF, supplementary eye field. Parts a,b are based on reanalysis of data shown in refs. ^12,13. Single-trial amplitudes were extracted using the method described in ref. ¹². Part c is adapted with permission from ref. ²⁶, APS. Part d is adapted with permission from ref. ¹², Elsevier.