Table 2 ∣.

Cognitive constructs tested with performance-monitoring tasks in humans and macaques

Cognitive construct	Performance-monitoring task
	Stop-signal taska	Change-signal task	Go–no-go task	Anti-saccade task	Simon task	Stroop task	Flanker task	MSIT
Goal maintenanceb	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2
Response inhibitionb	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	1
Stimulus selectionb, spatial and feature-based attention	0	1c	0	0	2d	2d	2c	2c
Response selectionb,e	0	2	0	2	2	2	2	2
Performance monitoringb	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2
Timekeeping	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0
Stimulus–response incompatibilityf	1	2	1	2	2	2	1	2
Post-error adjustmentsg	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	1

Rating scale: 0, not required to perform the task; 1, required but task not designed to test the cognitive construct indicated; 2, required because task designed to test the cognitive construct indicated. MSIT, multisource interference task.

^aAn alternative and equivalent name for the stop-signal task is the ‘countermanding task’.

^bConstruct that is part of the Research Domain Criteria framework of the US National Institute of Mental Health.

^cRelates to spatial attention.

^dRelates to feature-based attention.

^eApplies only to tasks in which multiple different actions are possible and also referred to as ‘response conflict’.

^fIn some tasks, whether there is a stimulus–response conflict depends on the instructions (for example, word reading versus reporting ink colour in the Stroop task).

^gRestricted to the next trial (not within-trial correction).