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. 2022 Oct 5;17(3):487–502. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2023.17.3.487

Table 6. Logistic regression analysis of annual drinkers, ex-drinkers, and salty taste preferences.

Variables Drinking, OR (95% CI)
Usual salt intake level Very unsalty Unsalty Normal Salty Very salty
Annual drinker
Unadjusted model1) 1 (ref) 1.40*** (1.35–1.45) 1.65*** (1.60–1.71) 2.49*** (2.40–2.58) 2.94*** (2.72–3.17)
Fully adjusted model2) 1 (ref) 1.46*** (1.40–1.52) 1.72*** (1.66–1.79) 2.45*** (2.36–2.55) 2.94*** (2.71–3.19)
Ex-drinker
Unadjusted model1) 1 (ref) 0.95* (0.91–1.00) 0.85*** (0.81–0.88) 1.02NS (0.97–1.06) 1.05NS (0.95–1.17)
Fully adjusted model2) 1 (ref) 1.00NS (0.95–1.04) 0.91*** (0.87–0.95) 1.09*** (1.05–1.15) 1.11NS (1.00–1.23)
Adding salt or soy sauce at the table Never added Rarely added Often added Always added -
Annual drinker
Unadjusted model1) 1 (ref) 1.02*** (1.01–1.04) 1.23*** (1.19–1.27) 1.41*** (1.28–1.57) -
Fully adjusted model2) 1 (ref) 0.95*** (0.93–0.96) 1.14*** (1.11–1.18) 1.34*** (1.20–1.50) -
Ex-drinker
Unadjusted model1) 1 (ref) 0.89*** (0.88–0.91) 1.00*** (0.96–1.04) 1.09*** (0.96–1.24) -
Fully adjusted model2) 1 (ref) 0.89*** (0.87–0.90) 0.95* (0.91–0.99) 1.01NS (0.88–1.16) -
Dipping the soy sauce when eating fried food Never dipped Occasionally dipped Always dipped - -
Annual drinker
Unadjusted model1) 1 (ref) 1.93*** (1.90–1.96) 3.24*** (3.18–3.30) - -
Fully adjusted model2) 1 (ref) 1.43*** (1.41–1.45) 1.98*** (1.94–2.02) - -
Ex-drinker
Unadjusted model1) 1 (ref) 1.20*** (1.18–1.23) 1.50*** (1.46–1.54) - -
Fully adjusted model2) 1 (ref) 1.11*** (1.09–1.13) 1.27*** (1.23–1.30) - -

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; NS, not significant.

1)Unadjusted = crude odds ratios are calculated from logistic regression models; 2)Fully adj = multivariable adjusted odds ratios are from logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, education, family income, marital status, and smoking.

*P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001.